Economics of Disability Research Report #4: Estimates of the Prevalence of Disability, Employment Rates, and Median Household Size-Adjusted Income for People with Disabilities Aged 18 through 64 in the United States by State, 1980 through 2000 Andrew J. Houtenville, Ph.D. Rehabilitation Research and Training Center School of Industrial and Labor Relations Adam F. Adler, School of Arts and Sciences Cornell University April 2, 2001 This research is funded by the United States Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, cooperative agreement No. 13313980038. It does not necessarily reflect the view of the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. The authors thanks Richard V. Burkhauser and Susanne Bruyere for their helpful comments. ABSTRACT This report replicates Economics of Disability Reports 1, 2, and 3, with some minor changes. These reports contain the prevalence of a disability, employment rates, and median household size-adjusted income between states over the 1980s and 1990s. In response to the requests of state officials to generate statistics that reflect the population they serve, this report includes people aged 18 through 64 rather than people aged 25 through 61. The new age group is more likely to include those who enter the labor force after high school, during college, and post-college as well as those people who have decided not to take early retirement. In addition, at the request of state officials, the statistics in this report are not separated by gender because most government agencies do not make a strong distinction between men and women, even though men and women face different labor market conditions. This report uses data from the March Current Population Survey to estimate the prevalence of a disability, employment rate, and median household size-adjusted income among the non-institutionalized working-age (aged 18 through 64) civilian population in the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia for the survey years 1981 through 2000 and income/employment years 1980 through 1999. Two definitions of disability that are commonly used in the literature-work limitation and work disability-are utilized. The prevalence of a work limitation and work disability varies greatly across states and over time. The employment rate of persons with work limitations relative to that of persons without a disability varies greatly across states. However, over the last 20 years the relative employment rate of those with work limitations dramatically declined overall and in most states. Consequently, the decrease in the relative employment rate for persons with work limitations induced the growth in the median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations to fall below that of the rest of the working population in the vast majority of the states. INTRODUCTION State governments are able to track those people with a disability who participate in categorical programs for those with a disability, e.g., Supplemental Security Income, Social Security Disability Insurance, state vocational rehabilitation services. But states are much less able to track their populations with a disability who are not currently receiving state services. Yet it is important that states be able to identify both groups to determine the population that might be categorically eligible for state and federal initiatives targeted on the working-age population with a disability. Hence it is valuable to know the prevalence of disability among working-age people in a state in a given year. Furthermore, it is useful to track this population over time to allow state governments to better understand the changing population they serve and, if necessary, to reallocate their resources accordingly. By making such information available for all states, individual state governments can then compare their population with a disability to those of other states. More importantly, they can better compare the size and scope of their programs targeted on those with a disability to those of other states. For instance, with such information state vocational rehabilitation agencies could compare the number of people they serve to the estimated number of working-age persons with a disability in their state. Using this number, they could then compare their service delivery rate to that of other states. In a similar manner, advocates for persons with a disability will find such data useful in making comparisons over time and across states in their effort to change not only government policy but also the practices of private business. For example, in an effort to persuade businesses to increase access and/or marketing toward persons with a disability, advocates can show both state government and private businesses the size of the population with a disability within their states and how it is changing over time. The purpose of this report is to provide estimates of the percentage of the non-institutionalized working-age (aged 18 through 64) civilian population with a disability, their employment rates, and median household size-adjusted incomes for the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia, from 1980 through 2000. The employment rates and median sized-adjusted income of persons with work limitations are compared to the employment rates of those without work limitations. The appendix provides instructions on a variety of different calculations which deal with prevalence rates of disabilities, employment rates, and median size-adjusted income of non-institutionalized workers. For instance, one can see how to calculate the number of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability. Estimated coefficients of variation (relative standard errors) and sample sizes are discussed. These estimated coefficients of variation are used to judge the accuracy of the estimated percentage of the non-institutionalized working-age civilian population with a disability. In addition, the appendix provides information for those who wish to average or compare these estimates for consecutive years. One can also use review the statistical precision of the estimated annual employment rates and how to convert the employment rates presented in this report into levels of employed non-institutionalized working-age civilians with work limitations. DATA SOURCE AND DEFINITIONS The CPS is a monthly survey of the non-institutionalized population of the United States, conducted by the Bureau of the Census on behalf of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Information is collected from approximately 50,000 households (about 150,000 individuals) on labor force characteristics (e.g., employment, earnings, hours of work). One person in the household answers questions for all household members.*1 In March of each year, the CPS basic monthly survey is supplemented with the Annual Demographic Survey, also known as the March Supplement or the March Income Supplement. This supplement focuses on sources of income, government program participation, previous employment, insurance, and a variety of demographic characteristics. In 1981, the March Supplement was expanded to include several questions about disability and income derived from disability programs and insurance. The CPS and the March Supplement are used extensively by government agencies, academic researchers, policy makers, journalists, and the general public to evaluate government programs, economic well-being and behavior of individuals, families and households.*2 A major advantage of using the CPS to track the population with a disability is its large sample size. Because the CPS samples approximately 150,000 individuals, it is possible to track this population at both the national and state level.*3 The March CPS also provides a relatively consistent set of questions on disability from year to year. However, over the years, aspects of the survey have changed. In 1994 the CPS moved to fully computer-assisted survey interviews, and sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census.*4 The Monthly Basic Survey was also revised and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the relative measurement of the population with a disability over time. In this report, disability is defined using a single question in the March CPS. Since 1981 persons with a disability are defined as those who report (or are reported by the household's respondent as having) "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do."*5 This definition puts disability in the social context of work. This simple definition of disability is not directly affected by program participation. This measure of disability is commonly used in the economics literature (see Bound and Burkhauser, 1999). Most recently, Burkhauser, Daly and Houtenville (2000) use this definition to estimate the employment and economic well-being of the non-institutionalized working-age civilian population with a disability. The work limitation concept of disability can also be found in many national surveys (e.g., National Health Interview Survey, Survey of Income and Program Participation, Panel Study of Income Dynamics) that have been used to measure the working-age population with a disability. Using this work limitations measure of disability, this report shows that the non-institutionalized working age civilian population with a disability ranged from a low of 7.0 percent in survey year 1989 to a high of 8.0 percent in survey year 1994. This report compares this measure of disability to an alternative measure of disability, which is based on work limitations and participation in disability related public programs. Similar disability prevalence trends were found using these two measures. The CPS March Supplement asks about employment and income in the previous calendar year. This question has been consistently asked over the years covered by this report. With regards to employment, respondents report the number of weeks worked and, for those weeks, the average number of hours worked.*6 Annual hours are calculated by multiplying weeks worked multiplied by average hours worked. People are considered employed if they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year. While 52 hours per year is to some degree an arbitrary number, it sets a minimum level of employment for the year. With regards to income, this report defines it as the sum of all income from wages, salaries, self-employment, farming, interest, dividends, rent, private transfers, as well as income payments from Social Security, Unemployment Insurance and Workers' Compensation systems, and state and federal public assistance programs.*7,*8 Household income is the sum of all income received by individuals in the household. Since a given amount of income provides a higher standard of living for a single-person household than it does for individuals living in a larger household, household income is divided by the square root of household size.*9 Since income is compared across years, all income values are inflation adjusted using the Consumer Price Index-Urban index and are in 1998 dollars. Finally, the CPS places upper limits on income values (top-coding), the value of which changed several times over the period covered in this report. Medians rather than means are used to eliminate the influence of top-coding. For an example of previous work using the aforesaid definition of employment and income refer to Burkhauser, Daly and Houtenville (2000). RESULTS Unlike most other demographic characteristics, there is no universally accepted definition of disability. Nagi (1991) distinguishes three components of disability. The first component is the presence of a pathology-a physical or mental disorders or interruption of a normal process, or both. This leads to the second component, impairment, which Nagi defines as a physiological, anatomical, or mental loss or abnormality that limits a person's capacity and level of function. The final component of disability is the inability to perform or a limitation in performing socially expected roles and tasks. Market work is a socially expected role. Hence, those who are unable to perform or are limited in their ability to work are considered to have a disability. While the relative importance of environment on a person's ability to perform a socially expected task in this definition is controversial, the basic conceptualization is a useful one. Table 1 provides estimated percentages of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability in the United States from 1981 through 2000 using two operational definitions of disability that are both consistent with Nagi's conceptualization. Both definitions are based on questions in the CPS. The first row of Table 1 provides estimated percentages of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work limitation in the United States. Persons with a work limitation are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent to have) "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do."*10 Clearly, this definition does not completely capture the Nagi conceptualization of disability, although it does put disability in the social context of work. This simple definition of disability is not directly affected by program participation. This measure of disability is commonly used in the economics literature (see Bound and Burkhauser, 1999). Most recently, Burkhauser, Daly and Houtenville (2000) use this definition to estimate the employment and economic well-being of the non-institutionalized working-age civilian population with a disability. The work limitation concept of disability can also be found in many national surveys (e.g., National Health Interview Survey, Survey of Income and Program Participation, Panel Study of Income Dynamics) that have been used to measure the working-age population with a disability. Using this definition, the percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability in the United States between 1981 and 2000 ranged from a low of 7.0 percent in 1989 to a high of 8.0 percent in 1994, 1995, and 1997 (Table 1, row 1). The second row of Table 1 provides the estimated percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work disability in the United States. This is a more all encompassing operationalization of the Nagi definition. Persons with a work disability are those who participate in disability-related government programs and/or have work restrictions due to health or disability. Specifically, persons with a work disability fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have a work limitation, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year.*11 By definition the prevalence of a work disability will always be as high or higher than the prevalence of a work limitation since having a work limitation is just one of several possible reasons for having a work disability. Using work disability to operationalize the Nagi conceptualization captures a broader population with a disability in the CPS data. Bennefield and McNeil (1989) and Burkhauser, Haveman and Wolfe (1993) use a definition similar to work disability to look at the economic well-being of people with a disability. A shortcoming of using work disability to define disability is that changes in public policy that increase or decrease program participation will change the number of persons with a work disability. Using this definition, the percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability in the United States between 1981 and 1999 ranged from a low of 10.0 percent in 1984, 1987, 1990, 1989, and 2000 to a high of 11.2 percent in 1994 (Table 1, row 2). It is important to note that respondents' self-perception of disability as captured by either of these two measures can be influenced by social context (accommodations and restrictions). For instance, self-reports of work limitation may change over time, even holding the underlying health conditions constant, because access to accommodation may change over time and change one's self-perception of work limitation. See Kirchner (1996) for a fuller discussion of this issue and the uses of the CPS to analyze "access-oriented" policies. While by definition the prevalence of disability captured in Table 1 using the work disability measure of disability is higher than when using the work limitation definition, the trends in both measures are similar. To illustrate, row three of Table 1 shows the percentage point difference in the prevalence using the two measures, and row four shows the percentage change between work limitations and work disabilities.*12 Table 2 facilitates comparisons across states by showing the percentage of those with a work limitation averaged over all years, 1981 through 2000. The states are ranked and listed in descending order. The average annual estimated percentage of those with a work limitation ranges from 11.9 percent for West Virginia to 5.6 percent for New Jersey. The highest five states are West Virginia, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, while the lowest five states are Hawaii, Connecticut, Nebraska, Utah, and New Jersey. These findings are consistent with those of McCoy and Weems (1989) who found the highest rates of Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance receipt occurred in the "disability belt" of Appalachia and the lower Mississippi Valley. LaPlante (1993) reports a similar finding using the 1980 and 1990 Census. Table 2 also illustrates changes in the prevalence of a work limitation over time. It shows the percentage of the working-age civilian population with a work limitation averaged over the first five years of available data, 1981 through 1985, and over the last five years, 1995 through 2000. Corresponding state rankings are provided. The top five states are remarkably stable: West Virginia, Arkansas and Tennessee are among the top five states in both the first five-year span and the last five-year span. Rhode Island and Mississippi are ranked in the top five in the first five-year span and are replaced by Alabama and Kentucky in the last five-year span. The last two columns of Table 2 contain the percentage change from the first five-years to the last five-years and the corresponding state rankings. Percentage change expresses the change in prevalence in terms relative to the magnitude of prevalence, which allows changes in high prevalence states to be compared to changes in low prevalence states.*13 According to these calculations, Kentucky has the largest percentage increase-the prevalence of a work limitation in 1995 through 2000 is 31.1 percent larger than in 1981 through 1985. Massachusetts, Maine, Wyoming, and Montana follow Kentucky. Arizona has the largest percentage decrease-the prevalence of a work limitation in 1995 through 2000 is 16.4 percent smaller than in 1981 through 1985. Hawaii, Mississippi, Oregon, and Minnesota follow Arizona. The smallest percentage changes are in New Mexico, Rhode Island, and Maryland, between 1 and -1 percent. Tables 3 repeats the same exercise as Tables 2, but uses the work disability definition. The state ranking and changes in the prevalence of disability over time in Table 3 is very similar to those in Table 2. The estimated percentages of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work disability range from a low of 5.7 percent in Connecticut in 1990 to a high of 18.5 percent in West Virginia in 1997 (Appendix Table 2). These are the same states and years cited as the high and low in Appendix Table 1. Table 3 shows that the average annual estimated percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work disability from 1981 to 1999 ranges from 15.2 percent for West Virginia to 8.3 percent for New Jersey. The highest five states-West Virginia, Arkansas, Mississippi, Kentucky, and Tennessee-are the same highest five states with the work limitation definition, while the lowest five states are now North Dakota, Utah, Nebraska, Connecticut, and New Jersey. Table 3 captures change in the prevalence of a work disability over time. West Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Mississippi are among the top five states in both the first five-year span and the last five-year span. Rhode Island, ranked in the top five in the first five-year span, is replaced by Kentucky in the last five-year span. The last two columns of Table 3 contain the percentage change from the first-five years to the last five years and the corresponding state rankings. Kentucky has the largest percentage increase-the prevalence of a work disability in 1995 through 2000 is 23.6 percent larger than in 1981 through 1985. Kansas, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, and Maine follow Kentucky. Hawaii has the largest percentage decrease-15.0 percent smaller in 1995 through 2000 than in 1981 through 1985. Oregon, Arizona, Rhode Island, and Michigan follow Hawaii. The smallest absolute changes are in Minnesota, Washington, Maryland, Florida, New Jersey, and Iowa who have percentage changes between 1 and -1 percent. Table 4 provides the estimated employment rates for the United States non-institutionalized civilian population aged 18 through 64 for the United States for the years 1980 through 1999, by work limitations status. As can be seen in the first row of Table 4, the employment rates for those without work limitations are pro-cyclical, falling in the recession years of the early 1980s and 1990s and rising during the growth years of the late 1980s and 1990s. As can be seen in the second row, the employment rates of those with work limitations had a similar pro-cyclical pattern in the 1980s, dropping to 33.7 percent by the business cycle trough year of 1983 and rising to 39.4 percent by the business cycle peak year of 1989. The employment rates of those with work limitations then dropped again as the economy went into recession in the early 1990s but, unlike the 1980s, continued to decline throughout the decade despite substantial economic growth. The employment rate of those with work limitations fell to 33.0 percent in 1999, well below their employment rate in the recession years of the early 1990s. Table 4 also provides information on the employment rates of those with work limitations relative to the employment rates of those without work limitations over the same period. In all years, the employment rate of those with work limitations is lower than the employment rate of those without work limitations, so the ratio of their two employment rates is less than 100 percent.*14 In the 1980s, this ratio was pro-cyclical. That is, the employment rates of those with work limitations rose faster than that of those without work limitations during periods of economic expansion and fell more rapidly during periods of economic contraction. Hence, the relative employment for those with work limitations rose from 42.0 percent in 1983 to 45.8 percent in 1989 (trough to peak in the 1980s business cycle). In contrast, the relative employment rates of those with work limitations declined in the 1990s and reached their lowest points in 1998 despite five years of economic growth in the late 1990s. Table 5 provides employment rates averaged over the period 1980 through 1999 for the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia, by work limitations status. Columns 1 and 2 contain the absolute average annual employment rates of those with and without work limitations. In addition, this table ranks states according to the relative average annual employment rates of those with work limitations. Alaska had the highest relative average annual employment rates for civilians with work limitations (68.6 percent), and Louisiana had the lowest (17.4 percent). In general, states with lower employment rates for those with work limitations also had lower relative employment rates. This pattern of relative employment being lower in states with weaker economics is consistent with variations observed over time in Table 4 where relative employment fell during recessionary years. Table 6 compares changes in relative employment rates for civilians with work limitations between the growth periods 1985-1989 and 1995-1999. States are ranked according to the percentage change in the relative average annual employment rate of those with work limitations between the periods 1985-1989 and 1994-1998. A positive percentage change in relative employment signifies a closing of the employment gap between those with and without work limitations. Conversely, a negative percentage change in relative employment signifies a widening of the employment gap between those with and without work limitations. As can be seen in Table 6, there was wide variation in employment outcomes of those with work limitations, ranging from a rise of 15.7 percent in the District of Columbia to a fall of 72.9 percent in Louisiana. Overall, the gap widened. Only 11 states experienced a narrowing of the employment gap between those with and without work limitations. Changes in median household size-adjusted income must be considered in the context of the business cycle. Table 7 provides the estimated median household size-adjusted incomes of those with and without work limitations in the United States non-institutionalized civilian population aged 18 through 64 for income years 1980 through 1999. As can be seen in the first row of Table 7, the median household size-adjusted income for those without work limitations was pro-cyclical, falling in the recession years of the early 1980s and 1990s and rising during the growth years of the late 1980s and 1990s. By 1998 the median household size-adjusted income civilians without work limitations ($32,001) exceeded its 1989 business cycle peak level ($29,306). As can be seen in the second row, median household size-adjusted income for those with work limitations has a similar pro-cyclical pattern, dropping to $13,553 in the business cycle trough year of 1982 and then rising to $15,509 by business cycle peak year 1989. Median household size-adjusted income of civilians with work limitations then dropped again as the economy went into recession in the early 1990s, and has risen slowly since 1993. However, this growth has been so slow in the 1990s that by 1999 median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations ($16,304) had finally surpassed its 1989 business cycle peak level ($15,509). Row 3 of Table 7 also provides information on the median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations relative to the median household size-adjusted income of those without work limitations over the same period. In all years, the median household size-adjusted income of civilians with work limitations are lower than that of their counterparts, so the ratio of their median household size-adjusted incomes are consistently below 100 percent.*15 The median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations relative to those without work limitations ranged from a high of 54.6 percent in 1981 to a low of 48.6 in 1998. The ratio has trended downward since the business cycle peak year of 1989, falling from 52.9 percent to 50.9 percent for those with work limitations. Table 8 provides median household size-adjusted income averages for those with and without work limitations over the period 1980 through 1999 for the United States and for each state and the District of Columbia. Column 1 contains the absolute average annual median household size-adjusted income of those without work limitations. Column 2 does so for those with work limitations. Table 8 shows the relative average annual median household size-adjusted incomes of those with work limitations (column 3). States are ranked according to the relative average annual median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations (column 4). As can be seen in column 3 of Table 8, Utah had the highest relative average annual median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations (71.3 percent). The District of Columbia had the lowest (42.5 percent). Table 9 compares changes in relative median household size-adjusted income for those with and without work limitations for the periods 1980-1989 and 1990-1998. States are ranked according to the percentage change in the relative average median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations between the periods 1980-1989 and 1990-1998. A positive percentage change in relative income signifies a closing of the income gap between those with and without work limitations. Conversely, a negative percentage change in relative income signifies a widening of the income gap between civilians with and without work limitations. As can be seen in Table 9, there was wide variation in outcomes, ranging from a rise of 11.4 percent in Mississippi to a fall of 29.5 percent in Kentucky. CONCLUSION This report uses data from the Current Population Survey to measure the prevalence of disability, employment rates of persons with and without work limitations, and the median household size-adjusted income of persons with and without limitations over the 1980s and 1990s for the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia. The prevalence of disability over the last two decades (1981 through 2000) for the United States and for each state and the District of Columbia has varied widely using either a work limitation or a work disability definition of disability. Determining the percentage of the population with a disability is the first step in evaluating the employment and economic well-being of this population across states and over time. During the 1980s, the employment rates and median household size-adjusted income of those with and without work limitations was pro-cyclical, rising in years of economic growth and falling in years of economic contraction. The national employment of civilians with work limitations was more sensitive to the business cycle, however, with relative employment rates of those with work limitations rising over the growth years and declining during recessionary years. This pattern was also found across most states. In the 1990s, however, while the employment and median household size-adjusted income of those without work limitations continued to be pro-cyclical, the employment and median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations continued to drop from their 1989 business cycle peak levels until a rise in 1999 due to the effect of the substantial economic growth in the 1990s. In 1998, the employment and median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations relative to the median size-adjusted incomes of those without work limitations was at its lowest level in two decades. By 1998 the national employment rate was at a two-decade low for those with work limitations. This pattern of declining relative employment of those with work limitations is both wide and deep. However, it was not until 1999 that the median household size-adjusted incomes of those with work limitations surpassed that of its 1989 level. When the relative average employment rates and the relative average median household size adjusted income rates during the growth period of the 1980s are compared to those of the 1990s, the vast majority of states experienced declines in relative employment for those with work limitations. APPENDIX The CPS sample design allows researchers to estimate statistically precise annual median incomes at the national level and for many states. Although persons with work limitations make up only about 8 percent of the non-institutionalized working-age civilian population in the United States, the number of CPS participants is sufficient to obtain statistically precise estimates of the employment rate and median income for persons with work limitations at the national level and for many states. The consistency of the CPS survey instrument over time allows estimated employment rates to be averaged over consecutive years, which boosts the statistical precision for those states with small sample sizes. This same process can be used with median household size-adjusted incomes. In Tables 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9, years are averaged to assure greater statistical precision. Appendix Table 1 provides the estimated percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work limitation for each state and the District of Columbia from 1981 through 2000. The prevalence of a work limitation varies greatly across states and over time, from a low of 3.4 percent in Connecticut in 1990 to a high of 16.0 percent in West Virginia in 1997. The range is larger across states than it is over time. Appendix Table 2 repeats the same exercise as Appendix Table 1, but it uses the work disability definition. The state ranking and changes in the prevalence of disability over time in Appendix Table 2 is very similar to those in Appendix Table 1. The estimated percentages of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work disability range from a low of 5.7 percent in Connecticut in 1990 to a high of 18.5 percent in West Virginia in 1997 (Table A2). These are the same states and years cited as the high and low in Appendix Table 1. Caution must be used when using the estimated employment rates in Appendix Tables 3 and 4, and the median incomes in Appendix Tables 5 and 6. The annual sample size of some states is extremely low. Appendix Tables 9, 10, 11 and 12 contain standard errors for the estimated employment rates and median incomes in Appendix Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Some of the standard errors in these tables are quite large relative to the estimated annual employment rates and annual median incomes, which means that these estimated annual employment rates and annual median incomes are poor approximations of the true annual employment rates and annual median incomes. (Appendix Tables 15 and 16 contain the size of the sample used to estimate the standard errors for the estimated annual employment rates and annual median incomes in Appendix Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.) Appendix Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 contain the estimated standard error that correspond to the estimated percentages in Appendix Tables 1, 3, 4, 5,and 6, respectively. The estimated standard error of the estimated percentages is calculated following the guidelines of the Census Bureau: [Equation 1] s of P subscript i equals the square root of [(b tiem f subscript i times l times n) multiplied by P subscript I, multiplied by (100 minus P subscript i). where P subscript i is the estimated percentage for state i; b and f subscript i are the parameters calculated to adjust for the non-random nature of the CPS sample (f subscript i is state-specific); n is the estimated number of people in the denominator of P subscript i (the estimated populations in Appendix Table 13). Following LaPlante (1993), the adjustment factor (b) for estimating employment characteristics is used for estimating standard error for the estimated percentage with a disability and is equal to 2,485 for the 1990 March CPS. See U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000) for the state-specific adjustment factors (f subscript i) and more detail on estimating standard errors for statistics from the CPS. Appendix Table 13 contains the estimated non-institutionalized working-age civilian population (regardless of disability status) for the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia from 1981 through 2000 (in thousands). These are the denominators of the estimated percentages presented in Tables 1 and A1. For example, the estimated non-institutionalized working-age civilian population with a work limitation for New York 1981 is 712,776 persons. This number is obtained by multiplying the estimated percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work limitation in New York in 1981 (Table A1) by the estimated number of non-institutionalized working-age civilians (in thousands) in New York in 1981 (Appendix Table 1) and then multiplying by 10 [(i.e., 6.8 ( 10,482 ( 10 = 712,776)]. In addition, the estimated number of employed non-institutionalized working-age civilians, by disability status, can be calculated using these tables. For example, the estimated number of employed non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability in New York in employment year 1980 is 2,557,608 persons. This number is obtained by multiplying the estimated annual employment rate of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with work limitations in New York in employment year 1980 (Appendix Table 4) by the estimated number of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with work limitations (in thousands) in New York in employment year 1980 (Appendix Table 13) and then multiplying by 10 [(i.e., 24.4 ( 10,482 ( 10 = 2,557,608)]. The accuracy of an estimated value is linked to the number of people used to calculate the estimated value. Appendix Table 14 contains the sample sizes used to calculate the estimated percentages in Table 1 and Appendix Tables 2 and 4. Note that the estimated percentage with a work limitation and the estimated percentage with a work disability for a given location use the same sample size because both are based on the same sample. This is similar to the estimated population in Appendix Table 13. The estimated population is the weighted sample size. The Census Bureau provides weights that allow for population estimates. A sample member's weight is roughly interpreted as the number of persons in the United States population that he or she represents. Summing the sample weights of sample members is an estimate of the population. For example, the estimated number of non-institutionalized working-age civilians for Alabama in 1981 (2,259,000, taken from Appendix Table 13) is the sum of these weights for the 1,653 non-institutionalized working-age civilians from Alabama in the 1981 March CPS. Averaging estimated annual employment rates and annual median incomes over several consecutive years, as is done in Tables 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 in the text, increases the statistical precision of estimated median incomes. However, determining the statistical accuracy of the resulting average or difference is not straightforward. The design of the CPS causes a problem. In the March CPS of any given year, approximately half of the households were surveyed the prior March, while the remaining households are eligible to be surveyed the following March. See Census Bureau (2000) for more information. The estimated standard errors of an average or a difference must be adjusted to account for correlation across consecutive years. For example, an individual's responses in March 1999 are correlated with his or her responses in March 2000. Roughly speaking, the estimated standard errors are measures of the variation, and the correlation across years must be taken into consideration. Following Census Bureau guidelines, the formula for the estimated standard error (SE) for the difference in estimated percentages between 1990 and 1989 is [Equation 2] SE of P subscript 90 minus P subscript 89 equals the square root of [(S subscript 90) squared, plus (S subscript 89) squared, minus 2 times r subscript 90, 90, times S subscript 90, times S subscript 89]. where P subscript 90 is the estimated percentage for state i in 1989, S subscript 89 is the estimated standard error for P subscript 89, r subscript 90, 89 is the estimated correlation coefficient between 1989 and 1990. The estimated SE for the average of estimated percentages for 1990 and 1989 is [Equation 3] SE of (P subscript 90 plus P subscript 89) divided by 2 equals the square root of [(S subscript 90) squared, plus (S subscript 89) squared, plus 2 times r subscript 90, 90, times S subscript 90, times S subscript 89]. Appendix Tables 17, 18, and 19 contains estimated correlation coefficients (r subscript year 2, year 1) for the United States, which can be used to approximate r subscript year 2, year 1 for a given state. The general formula for averaging over more than two consecutive years is [Equation 4] The estimated standard error of an average of proportions over T years is equal to the square root of the sum of the estimated variance over T years and two times the sum of the covariance of the proportions of time t and t+1 where t equals one through T. The estimated standard error for the average of estimated annual median incomes for 1990 and 1989 is [Equation 5] one-half multiplied by the square root of the following: the standard error of the percentage in 1990 squared plus the standard error of the percentage in 1989 minus the following product 2 multiplied by the correlation coefficient of 1990 and 1989 multiplied by the standard error of the percentage in 1990 multiplied by the standard error of the percentage in 1989. Appendix Tables 17, 18, and 19 contain estimated correlation coefficient for the United States, which can be used to approximate correlation coefficients for a given state. The general formula for averaging over more than consecutive years is [Equation 6] the reciprocal of the number of years multiplied by the square root of the following: the summation of the squared standard error of the percentage of each year plus the summation over all the consecutive year pairs of the following product: the correlation coefficient of a pair of consecutive multiplied by the standard error of the first year multiplied by the standard error of the second year. REFERENCES Bennefield, Robert L., and McNeil, John M. 1989. "Labor Force Status and Other Characteristics of Persons with a Work Disability: 1981 to 1988." Current Population Report P-23(160). Bound, John and Richard V. Burkhauser. 1999. "Economic Analysis of Transfer Programs Targeted on People with a disability." In Orley C. Ashenfelter and David Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3C. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 3417-3528. Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly, and Andrew J. Houtenville. 2000. "How Working-age People with a disability Fared Over the 1990s Business Cycle." Ithaca, NY: Research and Rehabilitation Training Center for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with a disability, Cornell University. Burkhauser, Richard V., Robert H. Haveman, and Barbara L. Wolfe. 1993. "How People with a disability Fare When Public Policies Change." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 12(2): 251-69. Burkhauser, Richard V., Timothy M. Smeeding, and Joachim Merz. 1996. "Relative Inequality and Poverty in Germany and the United States Using Alternative Equivalency Scales." The Review of Income and Wealth 42(4): 381-400. Hamburg, Morris. 1985. Basic Statistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanivich. Hanson, Robert L. 1978. The Current Population Survey, Design and Methodology, Technical Paper 40. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce. Houtenville, Andrew. 2000. "Economics of Disability Research Report #1: Estimates of the Prevalence of Disability in the United States by State, 1981 through 1999." Ithaca, NY: Research and Rehabilitation Training Center for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with a disability, Cornell University. Houtenville, Andrew. 2000. "Economics of Disability Research Report #2: Estimates of Employment Rates for Persons with a Disability in the United States by State, 1980 through 1998." Ithaca, NY: Research and Rehabilitation Training Center for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with a disability, Cornell University. Houtenville, Andrew. 2001. "Economics of Disability Research Report #3: Estimates of Median Household Size-Adjusted Income for Persons with a Disability in the United States by State, 1980 through 1998." Ithaca, NY: Research and Rehabilitation Training Center for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with a disability, Cornell University. Kirchner, Corinne. 1996. "Looking Under the Street Lamp." Journal of Disability Policy Studies 7(1): 78-90. LaPlante, Mitchell P. 1993. "State Estimates of Disability in America". Disability Statistics Report, Number 3. Washington, DC: National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research. McCoy, J.L. and Weems, K. 1999. "Disabled-Worker Beneficiaries and Disabled SSI Recipients: A Profile of Demographics and Program Characteristics." Social Security Bulletin 52(5): 16-28. Nagi, Saad. 1991. "Disability Concepts Revisited: Implications to Prevention." In A.M. Pope and A.R. Tarlove (eds.), Disability in America: Toward A National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Ryscavage, Paul. 1995. "A Surge in Growing Income Inequality?" Monthly Labor Review 118(8): 51-61. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2000. Current Population Survey, March 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. ENDNOTES 1. Only one person in the household answers questions for all household members. 2. For more a fuller discussion of the CPS, see U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000) or http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/. 3. See LaPlante (1993) for a fuller discussion of the statistical accuracy of CPS estimates of state populations with a disability in comparison to estimates from the Decennial Census and the National Health Interview Survey. 4. Ryscavage (1995) found that these changes influenced the estimation income inequality in the United States. 5. Inclusion in the population with a disability is based on the following questions: "(62A) Does anyone in this household have a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do? (62B) If yes to 62A., who is that? (Anyone else?)" These questions are from the 1981 survey. Note that a single household member answers the survey for all household members. The Census Bureau recodes the survey to the individual level, so researchers can generate statistics for individuals. The use of self-reports of disability is controversial. Self-perception of a disability as captured by this measure can be influenced by social context (i.e., barriers and accommodations). For instance, reports of a work limitation may change over time even holding the underlying health condition constant because access to accommodation may change one's perception of a disability over time. See Kirchner (1996) for a fuller discussion of this issue and the uses of the CPS to analyze "access-oriented" policies. 6. The number of weeks worked is obtained using the following question: "(33) During 19XX in how many weeks did ... work even for a few hours? Include paid vacation and sick leave as work." (41) The number of hours worked is obtained using the following question: "In the weeks that ... worked, how many hours did ... usually work per week?" These questions are from the 1981 survey. 7. Burkhauser, Daly and Houtenville (2000) use the March CPS and analyze the components of income for people with and without a disability. 8. The CPS data do not provide net-of-tax income information or, prior to 1988, the value of non-cash or in-kind benefits or the imputed income from owner-occupied housing. All negative sources of income are converted to zero. 9. Using the square root of household size assumes that the reduction in the standard-of-living due to an additional household member diminishes with each additional household member. See Burkhauser, Smeeding and Merz (1996) for a discussion of the uses of alternative adjustments for household size in comparisons of economic well-being. 10. Work limitation is based on the following questions: (62A) Does anyone in this household have a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do? (62B) If yes to 62A., who is that? (Anyone else?) These questions are from the 1981 survey. The wording of the question reveals the fact that a single household member answers the survey for all household members. The Census Bureau recodes the survey to the individual level, so researchers can generate statistics for individuals. 11. Work disability is based on work limitation and the following questions. These questions are taken directly from the 1981 survey. (32) What was the main reason... did not work in 1980 (last year)? Was he...ill or disabled and unable to work? Taking care of home or family? Going to school? Could not find work? In the Armed Forces? Retired? Doing something else? (63A) Is there anyone in this household who ever retired or left a job for health reasons? (63B) Who is that? Anyone else? (60C) What type of Veterans' payments did ... receive? Service-contracted disability? Survivor benefits? Veterans' pension? Educational assistance? Other Veterans' payments? (52A) During 1980 did ... receive any Workers' Compensation payments or other payments as a result of job related injury or illness? Exclude sick pay and disability retirement. (57) During 1980 did anyone in this household receive: (57A) Any SSI payments, that is, Supplemental Security Income? (57B) If yes to 57A, who received SSI? (74) There are several government programs which provide medical care or help pay medical bills. During 19XX was anyone in this household covered by: (74A) Medicare (for the disabled and elderly)? (74B) If yes to 74A, who was that? (Anyone else?) 12. The percentage point difference in the prevalence of work disability minus the prevalence of work limitation. The percentage change is percentage point difference divided by the average of the two prevalences multiplied by 100. The difference between the two measures is in part due to the fact that work limitation is reported at the time of the survey while many of the other categories of work disability are categories reported for the previous year. For example, people may receive workers' compensation in the previous year and no longer have a work limitation at the time of the survey. 13. [Equation 7] Specifically, the percentage change is calculated by subtracting the prevalence in the last five-year span from the first five-year span and then dividing that difference by the average of two prevalences, all multiplied by 100. 14. The relative employment rate is the employment of those with a disability as a percentage of the employment of those without a disability. The higher the value of relative employment, the closer the employment rates of persons with a disability are to persons without a disability. For example, a relative employment rate of 100 percent means that those with and without a disability have the same employment rate. 15. The values in row 3 of Table 7 are defined as the median household size-adjusted income of those with a disability divided by the median household size-adjusted income of those without a disability multiplied by 100. The higher the values the closer the median household size-adjusted incomes of persons with a disability are to persons without a disability. For example, a relative median household size-adjusted income of 50 percent means that those with a disability have one-half the median household size-adjusted income of those without a disability. Table 1. Percentage of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Limitations and Work Disabilities. Definition: Work Limitations*b Survey Year 1981: 7.5 1982: 7.5 1983: 7.2 1984: 7.3 1985*a: 7.6 1986: 7.5 1987: 7.4 1988: 7.1 1989: 7.0 1990: 7.1 1991: 7.1 1992: 7.4 1993: 7.6 1994*a: 8.0 1995: 8.0 1996: 7.9 1997: 8.0 1998: 7.8 1999: 7.5 2000: 7.6 Definition: Work Disabilities*c Survey Year 1981: 10.4 1982: 10.4 1983: 10.1 1984: 10.0 1985*a: 10.1 1986: 10.2 1987: 10.0 1988: 10.1 1989: 10.0 1990: 10.0 1991: 10.3 1992: 10.5 1993: 10.6 1994*a: 11.2 1995: 11.0 1996: 10.9 1997: 11.0 1998: 10.7 1999: 10.4 2000: 10.0 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d Survey Year 1981: 3.0 1982: 3.0 1983: 2.9 1984: 2.7 1985*a: 2.5 1986: 2.7 1987: 2.6 1988: 3.1 1989: 3.0 1990: 2.9 1991: 3.2 1992: 3.1 1993: 3.0 1994*a: 3.1 1995: 3.0 1996: 3.0 1997: 3.0 1998: 2.9 1999: 2.9 2000: 2.4 Definition: Percentage Change*e Survey Year 1981: 33.3 1982: 33.0 1983: 33.5 1984: 31.2 1985*a: 27.9 1986: 30.0 1987: 29.5 1988: 35.7 1989: 35.4 1990: 34.3 1991: 36.6 1992: 34.8 1993: 33.3 1994*a: 32.6 1995: 31.5 1996: 32.0 1997: 31.9 1998: 31.8 1999: 32.1 2000: 27.1 Source: Authors' calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disabilities questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disabilities questions. b. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disabilities which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." c. Persons with work disabilities fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have work limitations, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disabilities in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. d. The percentage point difference in the prevalence of work disabilities minus the prevalence of work limitations. The difference between the two measures is in part due to the fact that work limitations is reported at the time of the survey while many of the other categories of work disabilities are categories reported for the previous year. For example, people may receive workers' compensation in the previous year and no longer have work limitations at the time of the survey. e. The percentage change is the percentage point difference divided by the average of the two prevalences multiplied by 100. Table 2. Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Limitations for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia Averaged over Various Periods, Percentage Changes for these Periods, and Corresponding State Rankings.*a Location United States Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.4 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 5.2 Rank*c: - Location West Virginia Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.9 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 13.4 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 14.0 Rank*c: 16 Location Arkansas Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -2.8 Rank*c: 39 Location Kentucky Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 31.1 Rank*c: 1 Location Tennessee Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 17.5 Rank*c: 10 Location Mississippi Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -11.9 Rank*c: 49 Location Louisiana Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 10.1 Rank*c: 20 Location Alabama Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.2 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 19.0 Rank*c: 8 Location Maine Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.9 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 23.4 Rank*c: 3 Location Michigan Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -6.0 Rank*c: 45 Location Georgia Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -4.3 Rank*c: 43 Location Montana Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.4 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 21.3 Rank*c: 5 Location Rhode Island Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.2 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -0.6 Rank*c: 31 Location New Mexico Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 0.2 Rank*c: 30 Location Oklahoma Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.7 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 20.7 Rank*c: 7 Location South Carolina Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.6 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 15.7 Rank*c: 13 Location Oregon Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -11.3 Rank*c: 48 Location District of Columbia Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -3.4 Rank*c: 41 Location North Carolina Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -3.2 Rank*c: 40 Location Washington Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -1.4 Rank*c: 34 Location Florida Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -2.2 Rank*c: 38 Location Pennsylvania Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 6.5 Rank*c: 25 Location Idaho Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.6 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -7.7 Rank*c: 46 Location Ohio Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 4.9 Rank*c: 26 Location Vermont Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 4.6 Rank*c: 28 Location Missouri Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.7 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 1.9 Rank*c: 29 Location Arizona Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.7 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -16.4 Rank*c: 51 Location Virginia Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.2 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.0 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 13.3 Rank*c: 17 Location New York Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 15.3 Rank*c: 14 Location Wyoming Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.4 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 21.9 Rank*c: 4 Location California Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -1.8 Rank*c: 35 Location New Hampshire Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.6 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 17.2 Rank*c: 11 Location Texas Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 7.8 Rank*c: 24 Location Indiana Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 8.6 Rank*c: 22 Location Wisconsin Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.7 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 14.0 Rank*c: 15 Location South Dakota Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.7 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 16.3 Rank*c: 12 Location Colorado Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.7 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 11.9 Rank*c: 19 Location Massachusetts Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.7 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 24.0 Rank*c: 2 Location Minnesota Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.6 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -7.7 Rank*c: 47 Location Delaware Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.6 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -4.2 Rank*c: 42 Location Illinois Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 8.3 Rank*c: 23 Location Nevada Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.6 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 12.6 Rank*c: 18 Location Maryland Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.3 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -0.7 Rank*c: 32 Location Kansas Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 7.2 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 17.5 Rank*c: 9 Location Iowa Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -1.9 Rank*c: 36 Location North Dakota Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -1.1 Rank*c: 33 Location Alaska Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 5.5 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 21.3 Rank*c: 6 Location Hawaii Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 5.5 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -16.2 Rank*c: 50 Location Connecticut Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 5.8 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 4.6 Rank*c: 27 Location Nebraska Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 5.7 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 5.7 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 6.3 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 9.8 Rank*c: 21 Location Utah Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 5.7 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 5.8 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -4.6 Rank*c: 44 Location New Jersey Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 5.6 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -2.1 Rank*c: 37 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. c. Looking at the percentages, some states appear to be tied and thus should have the same rank. However, the rankings are based on three decimal places. There were no ties. d. The percentage change is the difference between the two averages divided by the average of the two averages multiplied by 100. Table 3. Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Disabilities for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia Averaged over Various Periods, Percentage Changes for these Periods, and Corresponding State Rankings. *a Location United States Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.4 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.7 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 4.5 Rank*c: - Location West Virginia Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 15.2 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 15.0 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 16.4 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 8.8 Rank*c: 19 Location Arkansas Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 14.0 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 14.4 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 14.2 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -1.4 Rank*c: 39 Location Mississippi Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 13.6 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 13.9 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 13.5 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -2.7 Rank*c: 43 Location Kentucky Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 13.5 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 14.7 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 23.6 Rank*c: 1 Location Tennessee Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 13.4 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 12.3 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 13.9 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 12.5 Rank*c: 11 Location Louisiana Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 12.6 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 13.2 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 11.0 Rank*c: 16 Location Maine Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 12.4 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 13.5 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 16.2 Rank*c: 5 Location Rhode Island Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 13.3 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 12.7 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -5.0 Rank*c: 48 Location Alabama Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 12.0 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 12.3 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 12.7 Rank*c: 10 Location Michigan Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -4.8 Rank*c: 47 Location Montana Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 15.2 Rank*c: 7 Location Oregon Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.9 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -10.7 Rank*c: 50 Location Georgia Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.4 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -2.2 Rank*c: 42 Location District of Columbia Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.9 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -1.8 Rank*c: 41 Location South Carolina Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 4.9 Rank*c: 25 Location Washington Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -0.5 Rank*c: 35 Location New Mexico Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.4 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 1.0 Rank*c: 32 Location Oklahoma Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.4 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 12.5 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 18.7 Rank*c: 3 Location North Carolina Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 1.6 Rank*c: 31 Location Idaho Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.8 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -4.7 Rank*c: 46 Location Pennsylvania Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.8 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 2.5 Rank*c: 30 Location Florida Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.8 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -0.8 Rank*c: 36 Location Ohio Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.4 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 8.4 Rank*c: 20 Location New York Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.4 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.9 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 13.1 Rank*c: 9 Location Vermont Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.4 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.8 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -1.6 Rank*c: 40 Location California Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.4 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.3 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -2.9 Rank*c: 44 Location Wyoming Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 11.8 Rank*c: 13 Location Missouri Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.1 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 2.9 Rank*c: 28 Location Arizona Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.1 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -6.8 Rank*c: 49 Location New Hampshire Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.1 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 4.3 Rank*c: 27 Location Wisconsin Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 16.7 Rank*c: 4 Location Virginia Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.9 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 11.8 Rank*c: 14 Location Massachusetts Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.2 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.3 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 12.0 Rank*c: 12 Location South Dakota Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 9.4 Rank*c: 17 Location Nevada Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 11.2 Rank*c: 15 Location Delaware Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.9 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 5.4 Rank*c: 23 Location Indiana Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 8.1 Rank*c: 21 Location Colorado Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 4.9 Rank*c: 26 Location Texas Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 5.0 Rank*c: 24 Location Alaska Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.2 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 13.3 Rank*c: 8 Location Minnesota Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 0.0 Rank*c: 34 Location Hawaii Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -15.0 Rank*c: 51 Location Illinois Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 8.8 Rank*c: 18 Location Kansas Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 19.4 Rank*c: 2 Location Maryland Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 0.7 Rank*c: 33 Location Iowa Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -0.9 Rank*c: 38 Location North Dakota Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 2.8 Rank*c: 29 Location Utah Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -4.1 Rank*c: 45 Location Nebraska Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 15.5 Rank*c: 6 Location Connecticut Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: 6.2 Rank*c: 22 Location New Jersey Period Survey Years: 1981-2000*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years: 1995-2000*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-2000 Percentage Change*d: -0.8 Rank*c: 37 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work disabilities fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have work limitations, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. c. Looking at the percentages, some states appear to be tied and thus should have the same rank. However, the rankings are based on three decimal places. There were no ties. d. The percentage change is the difference between the two averages divided by the average of the two averages multiplied by 100. Table 4. Employment and Relative Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 for the United States, by Work Limitations Status, Employment Years 1981 through 1999.*a Group: Without Work Limitations*a Employment Rate*b Employment Year 1980: 81.2 1981: 81.2 1982: 79.9 1983: 80.2 1984*c: 81.9 1985: 82.4 1986: 83.1 1987: 83.5 1988: 84.1 1989: 84.2 1990: 84.3 1991: 84.0 1992: 83.7 1993*c: 83.9 1994: 84.4 1995: 84.7 1996: 85.0 1997: 85.4 1998: 85.4 1999: 85.7 Group: With Work Limitations*a Employment Rate*b Employment Year 1980: 34.9 1981: 34.6 1982: 34.1 1983: 33.7 1984*c: 34.6 1985: 35.9 1986: 36.2 1987: 37.4 1988: 37.9 1989: 39.4 1990: 37.1 1991: 37.0 1992: 36.8 1993*c: 34.1 1994: 35.3 1995: 33.6 1996: 35.3 1997: 33.0 1998: 31.4 1999: 33.0 Relative Employment Rate of Persons with work limitations*d 1980: 43.0 1981: 42.7 1982: 42.6 1983: 42.0 1984*c: 42.2 1985: 43.6 1986: 43.5 1987: 44.8 1988: 45.0 1989: 46.8 1990: 44.0 1991: 44.1 1992: 44.0 1993*c: 40.6 1994: 41.8 1995: 39.7 1996: 41.5 1997: 38.7 1998: 36.8 1999: 38.6 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. d. The relative employment rate is defined as the employment of those with work limitations as a percentage of the employment of those without work limitations. Table 5. Employment and Relative Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia over the Period of Employment Years 1980 through 1999, and Rankings, by Work Limitations Status.*a Location: United States Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 33.0 Relative Employment*c: 39.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: -- Location: Alaska Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 59.0 Relative Employment*c: 68.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 1 Location: Minnesota Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 89.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 56.8 Relative Employment*c: 63.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 2 Location: Nebraska Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 55.8 Relative Employment*c: 63.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 3 Location: Wisconsin Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 55.3 Relative Employment*c: 62.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 4 Location: Utah Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 49.6 Relative Employment*c: 58.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 5 Location: North Dakota Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 51.1 Relative Employment*c: 58.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 6 Location: Colorado Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 48.4 Relative Employment*c: 55.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 7 Location: South Dakota Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 89.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 45.9 Relative Employment*c: 51.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 8 Location: Montana Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 44.5 Relative Employment*c: 51.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 9 Location: Maine Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 44.3 Relative Employment*c: 51.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 10 Location: Maryland Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 42.1 Relative Employment*c: 49.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 11 Location: Kansas Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 43.2 Relative Employment*c: 49.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 12 Location: Vermont Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 89.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 43.5 Relative Employment*c: 48.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 13 Location: Iowa Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 42.9 Relative Employment*c: 48.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 14 Location: Idaho Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 42.0 Relative Employment*c: 48.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 15 Location: New Hampshire Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 42.8 Relative Employment*c: 48.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 16 Location: Illinois Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 39.5 Relative Employment*c: 47.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 17 Location: Hawaii Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 38.6 Relative Employment*c: 46.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 18 Location: Arizona Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 37.6 Relative Employment*c: 45.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 19 Location: Georgia Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 38.4 Relative Employment*c: 45.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 20 Location: Nevada Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 38.8 Relative Employment*c: 45.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 21 Location: Arkansas Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 36.1 Relative Employment*c: 43.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 22 Location: Connecticut Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 36.6 Relative Employment*c: 42.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 23 Location: Oregon Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 35.7 Relative Employment*c: 41.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 24 Location: Ohio Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.6 Relative Employment*c: 41.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 25 Location: Virginia Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 35.6 Relative Employment*c: 41.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 26 Location: DC Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.4 Relative Employment*c: 41.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 27 Location: California Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 33.7 Relative Employment*c: 41.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 28 Location: Missouri Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 35.3 Relative Employment*c: 41.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 29 Location: Oklahoma Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.0 Relative Employment*c: 40.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 30 Location: Rhode Island Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.7 Relative Employment*c: 40.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 31 Location: New Jersey Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 32.9 Relative Employment*c: 39.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 32 Location: Michigan Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 32.3 Relative Employment*c: 39.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 33 Location: Tennessee Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 32.0 Relative Employment*c: 38.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 34 Location: Delaware Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 33.1 Relative Employment*c: 38.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 35 Location: Wyoming Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 33.2 Relative Employment*c: 38.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 36 Location: Kentucky Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 30.5 Relative Employment*c: 37.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 37 Location: Texas Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 31.0 Relative Employment*c: 37.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 38 Location: Pennsylvania Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 29.7 Relative Employment*c: 36.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 39 Location: North Carolina Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 29.5 Relative Employment*c: 34.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 40 Location: Florida Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 28.2 Relative Employment*c: 34.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 41 Location: New Mexico Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 80.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 27.3 Relative Employment*c: 33.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 42 Location: New York Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 78.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 26.4 Relative Employment*c: 33.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 43 Location: Washington Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 28.4 Relative Employment*c: 33.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 44 Location: Indiana Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 25.7 Relative Employment*c: 30.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 45 Location: West Virginia Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 74.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 21.7 Relative Employment*c: 29.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 46 Location: Massachusetts Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 24.9 Relative Employment*c: 29.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 47 Location: Mississippi Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 80.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 23.3 Relative Employment*c: 28.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 48 Location: Alabama Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 21.3 Relative Employment*c: 26.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 49 Location: South Carolina Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 20.5 Relative Employment*c: 24.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 50 Location: Louisiana Civilians Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 78.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 13.7 Relative Employment*c: 17.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 51 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. Relative employment is defined as the employment of those with work limitations as a percentage of the employment of those without work limitations. Table 6 Employment and Relative Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Civilians Aged 18 through 64 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia over the Five-Year Growth Periods of the 1980s and 1990s Business Cycles, Percentage Changes, and Rankings, by Work Limitations Status.*a Location: United States Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 37.3 Relative Employment*c: 44.7 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 33.0 Relative Employment*c: 38.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -14.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: -- Location: DC Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 30.6 Relative Employment*c: 35.4 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.4 Relative Employment*c: 41.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 15.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 1 Location: Nebraska Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 46.2 Relative Employment*c: 52.6 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 91.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 55.8 Relative Employment*c: 61.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 15.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 2 Location: Rhode Island Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 32.8 Relative Employment*c: 40.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 39.5 Relative Employment*c: 45.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 13.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 3 Location: Maryland Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 37.1 Relative Employment*c: 42.7 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 42.1 Relative Employment*c: 48.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 11.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 4 Location: Georgia Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.5 Relative Employment*c: 40.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 38.4 Relative Employment*c: 45.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 11.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 5 Location: Maine Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 39.4 Relative Employment*c: 45.9 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 44.3 Relative Employment*c: 50.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 8.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 6 Location: Alaska Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 53.2 Relative Employment*c: 62.2 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 59.0 Relative Employment*c: 67.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 7.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 7 Location: Wisconsin Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 49.0 Relative Employment*c: 55.8 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 91.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 55.3 Relative Employment*c: 60.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 7.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 8 Location: Utah Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 44.7 Relative Employment*c: 53.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 49.6 Relative Employment*c: 57.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 7.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 9 Location: Virginia Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 33.4 Relative Employment*c: 38.9 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 35.6 Relative Employment*c: 41.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 6.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 10 Location: Tennessee Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 29.2 Relative Employment*c: 35.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 32.0 Relative Employment*c: 37.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: 6.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 11 Location: Hawaii Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 38.2 Relative Employment*c: 46.0 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 38.6 Relative Employment*c: 45.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -1.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 12 Location: Arkansas Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 36.3 Relative Employment*c: 43.8 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 36.1 Relative Employment*c: 42.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -3.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 13 Location: Ohio Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.0 Relative Employment*c: 41.2 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.6 Relative Employment*c: 39.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -3.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 14 Location: Kentucky Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 80.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 29.8 Relative Employment*c: 37.2 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 30.5 Relative Employment*c: 35.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -3.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 15 Location: Arizona Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 39.9 Relative Employment*c: 48.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 37.6 Relative Employment*c: 45.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -5.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 16 Location: Minnesota Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 90.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 60.5 Relative Employment*c: 67.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 90.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 56.8 Relative Employment*c: 62.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -7.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 17 Location: Montana Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 46.8 Relative Employment*c: 54.4 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 44.5 Relative Employment*c: 50.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -7.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 18 Location: Colorado Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 51.0 Relative Employment*c: 59.2 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 48.4 Relative Employment*c: 54.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -8.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 19 Location: Vermont Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 89.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 46.8 Relative Employment*c: 52.2 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 90.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 43.5 Relative Employment*c: 48.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -8.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 20 Location: Oklahoma Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 37.8 Relative Employment*c: 44.9 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.0 Relative Employment*c: 40.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -10.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 21 Location: North Dakota Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 55.6 Relative Employment*c: 63.8 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 90.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 51.1 Relative Employment*c: 56.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -12.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 22 Location: Pennsylvania Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 32.2 Relative Employment*c: 39.5 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 29.7 Relative Employment*c: 34.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -13.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 23 Location: California Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 39.1 Relative Employment*c: 47.3 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.6 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 33.7 Relative Employment*c: 41.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -13.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 24 Location: Idaho Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 48.0 Relative Employment*c: 55.6 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 42.0 Relative Employment*c: 47.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -16.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 25 Location: New York Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 79.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 31.0 Relative Employment*c: 39.2 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 80.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 26.4 Relative Employment*c: 33.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -17.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 26 Location: New Jersey Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 38.9 Relative Employment*c: 46.4 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 32.9 Relative Employment*c: 39.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -17.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 27 Location: South Dakota Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 52.9 Relative Employment*c: 59.6 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 92.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 45.9 Relative Employment*c: 49.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -17.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 28 Location: North Carolina Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 35.0 Relative Employment*c: 40.3 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 29.5 Relative Employment*c: 33.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -18.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 29 Location: New Hampshire Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 89.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 51.1 Relative Employment*c: 57.3 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 89.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 42.8 Relative Employment*c: 47.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -18.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 30 Location: Michigan Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 37.1 Relative Employment*c: 45.3 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 32.3 Relative Employment*c: 37.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -19.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 31 Location: Delaware Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 40.7 Relative Employment*c: 46.5 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 33.1 Relative Employment*c: 37.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -21.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 32 Location: Mississippi Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 80.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 28.1 Relative Employment*c: 35.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 82.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 23.3 Relative Employment*c: 28.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -21.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 33 Location: Kansas Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 52.2 Relative Employment*c: 59.4 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 89.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 43.2 Relative Employment*c: 48.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -21.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 34 Location: Iowa Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 51.9 Relative Employment*c: 59.0 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 91.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 42.9 Relative Employment*c: 46.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -23.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 35 Location: West Virginia Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 72.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 24.7 Relative Employment*c: 34.3 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 80.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 21.7 Relative Employment*c: 27.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -23.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 36 Location: Texas Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 39.2 Relative Employment*c: 47.2 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 31.0 Relative Employment*c: 36.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -24.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 37 Location: Alabama Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 79.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 25.6 Relative Employment*c: 32.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 21.3 Relative Employment*c: 25.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -24.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 38 Location: Missouri Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 43.5 Relative Employment*c: 50.9 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 89.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 35.3 Relative Employment*c: 39.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -25.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 39 Location: Oregon Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 45.1 Relative Employment*c: 53.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 35.7 Relative Employment*c: 40.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -26.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 40 Location: Rhode Island Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 43.6 Relative Employment*c: 50.7 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 34.7 Relative Employment*c: 39.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -26.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 41 Location: New Mexico Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 80.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 35.9 Relative Employment*c: 44.4 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 27.3 Relative Employment*c: 33.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -28.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 42 Location: Nevada Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 52.7 Relative Employment*c: 61.3 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.0 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 38.8 Relative Employment*c: 45.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -29.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 43 Location: Connecticut Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 88.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 51.4 Relative Employment*c: 58.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 36.6 Relative Employment*c: 42.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -31.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 44 Location: Florida Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.7 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 39.2 Relative Employment*c: 46.8 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 28.2 Relative Employment*c: 33.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -32.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 45 Location: South Carolina Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 83.9 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 30.1 Relative Employment*c: 35.9 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 20.5 Relative Employment*c: 24.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -38.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 46 Location: Indiana Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 84.4 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 36.1 Relative Employment*c: 42.7 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 89.1 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 25.7 Relative Employment*c: 28.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -38.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 47 Location: Wyoming Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 50.5 Relative Employment*c: 58.4 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 33.2 Relative Employment*c: 37.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -42.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 48 Location: Massachusetts Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.5 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 40.7 Relative Employment*c: 47.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 87.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 24.9 Relative Employment*c: 28.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -49.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 49 Location: Washington Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 85.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 47.0 Relative Employment*c: 55.2 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 86.8 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 28.4 Relative Employment*c: 32.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -50.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 50 Location: Louisiana Growth Periods Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 77.2 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 27.9 Relative Employment*c: 36.1 Growth Periods Employment Years 1995 - 1999 Employment Rate*b, Without Work Limitations: 81.3 Employment Rate*b, With Work Limitations: 13.7 Relative Employment*c: 16.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1995-1999*d,*e: -72.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 51 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1986 through 1990 and 1995 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. Relative employment is defined as the employment of those with work limitations as a percentage of the employment of those without work limitations. d. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. e. The percentage change is the difference between the two averages divided by the average of the two averages multiplied by 100. Table 7. Median Household Size-Adjusted Income and Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 for the United States, by Gender and Work Limitations Status, Income Years 1980 through 1999.*a,*b Group: Without Work Limitationsa Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Income Year 1980: 26,018 1981: 25,425 1982: 25,095 1983: 25,460 1984: 26,272 1985: 26,781 1986: 27,738 1987: 28,853 1988: 29,221 1989: 29,306 1990: 28,537 1991: 28,223 1992: 27,998 1993: 27,637 1994: 28,102 1995: 28,304 1996: 28,881 1997: 29,606 1998: 30,524 1999: 32,001 Group: With Work Limitationsa Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Income Year 1980: 13,963 1981: 13,871 1982: 13,553 1983: 13,655 1984: 13,806 1985: 14,021 1986: 14,342 1987: 15,553 1988: 15,074 1989: 15,509 1990: 15,159 1991: 14,924 1992: 14,549 1993: 13,950 1994: 14,406 1995: 14,759 1996: 14,373 1997: 14,735 1998: 14,849 1999: 16,304 Relative Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)d Income Year 1980: 53.7 1981: 54.6 1982: 54.0 1983: 53.6 1984: 52.6 1985: 52.4 1986: 51.7 1987: 53.9 1988: 51.6 1989: 52.9 1990: 53.1 1991: 52.9 1992: 52.0 1993: 50.5 1994: 51.3 1995: 52.1 1996: 49.8 1997: 49.8 1998: 48.6 1999: 50.9 Source: Authors' calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. The unit of the analysis is the individual not the household. Individuals are assumed to receive an equal share of their household's size-adjusted income. Size-adjusted income is household income by dividing income by the square root of household size. The CPS collect income for the year prior to the survey, the "income year". Income is before taxes but after public cash transfers. Negative sources of income are converted to zero. All dollar amounts are in 1998 dollars. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. d. The relative median household size-adjusted income is defined as the median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations as a percentage of the median household size-adjusted income of those without work limitations. Table 8. Median Household Size-Adjusted Income and Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia over the Period of Income Years 1980 through 1999 and Rankings, by Work Limitations Status.*a Location: United States Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,999 With Work Limitations: 14,568 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 52.0 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income -- Location: Utah Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,058 With Work Limitations: 17,874 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 71.3 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 1 Location: Nevada Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,504 With Work Limitations: 19,686 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 69.1 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 2 Location: North Dakota Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,076 With Work Limitations: 16,496 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 68.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 3 Location: Idaho Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,063 With Work Limitations: 15,743 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 68.3 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 4 Location: South Dakota Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,025 With Work Limitations: 15,537 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 67.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 5 Location: New Hampshire Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,631 With Work Limitations: 20,602 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 65.1 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 6 Location: Wyoming Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,588 With Work Limitations: 17,248 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 64.9 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 7 Location: Arizona Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,062 With Work Limitations: 16,851 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 64.7 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 8 Location: Montana Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,281 With Work Limitations: 15,046 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 64.6 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 9 Location: Minnesota Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,188 With Work Limitations: 18,815 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 62.3 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 10 Location: Nebraska Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,764 With Work Limitations: 15,995 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 62.1 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 11 Location: Connecticut Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 36,174 With Work Limitations: 22,227 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 61.4 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 12 Location: Alaska Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 34,568 With Work Limitations: 21,226 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 61.4 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 13 Location: Washington Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,003 With Work Limitations: 18,346 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 61.1 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 14 Location: Iowa Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,874 With Work Limitations: 15,723 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 60.8 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 15 Location: Hawaii Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 32,074 With Work Limitations: 19,310 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 60.2 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 16 Location: Wisconsin Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,150 With Work Limitations: 17,438 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 59.8 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 17 Location: Maine Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,749 With Work Limitations: 15,246 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 59.2 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 18 Location: Oregon Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,514 With Work Limitations: 16,109 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 58.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 19 Location: Florida Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,410 With Work Limitations: 14,768 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 58.1 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 20 Location: New Jersey Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 34,960 With Work Limitations: 20,174 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 57.7 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 21 Location: Rhode Island Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,077 With Work Limitations: 17,162 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 57.1 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 22 Location: New Mexico Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 21,797 With Work Limitations: 12,361 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 56.7 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 23 Location: Maryland Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 34,175 With Work Limitations: 19,320 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 56.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 24 Location: California Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,339 With Work Limitations: 16,534 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 56.4 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 25 Location: Kansas Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,180 With Work Limitations: 15,317 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 56.4 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 26 Location: Vermont Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,659 With Work Limitations: 15,497 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 56.0 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 27 Location: Delaware Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,475 With Work Limitations: 16,984 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 55.7 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 28 Location: Arkansas Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 20,836 With Work Limitations: 11,390 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 54.7 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 29 Location: Texas Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,699 With Work Limitations: 14,002 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 54.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 30 Location: Colorado Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,674 With Work Limitations: 16,459 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 53.7 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 31 Location: Indiana Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,123 With Work Limitations: 14,013 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 53.6 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 32 Location: West Virginia Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 21,176 With Work Limitations: 11,205 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 52.9 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 33 Location: North Carolina Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,886 With Work Limitations: 13,508 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 52.2 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 34 Location: Missouri Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,731 With Work Limitations: 13,790 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 51.6 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 35 Location: Mississippi Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 20,600 With Work Limitations: 10,603 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 51.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 36 Location: Pennsylvania Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,084 With Work Limitations: 14,434 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 51.4 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 37 Location: Michigan Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,893 With Work Limitations: 15,233 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 51.0 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 38 Location: Oklahoma Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,610 With Work Limitations: 12,498 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 50.8 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 39 Location: Massachusetts Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 34,205 With Work Limitations: 17,275 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 50.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 40 Location: Ohio Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,487 With Work Limitations: 14,372 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 50.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 41 Location: South Carolina Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,472 With Work Limitations: 12,198 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 49.8 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 42 Location: Illinois Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,397 With Work Limitations: 15,077 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 49.6 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 43 Location: Georgia Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,943 With Work Limitations: 13,301 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 49.4 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 44 Location: Louisiana Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,582 With Work Limitations: 11,430 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 48.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 45 Location: Tennessee Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,613 With Work Limitations: 11,360 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 48.1 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 46 Location: Virginia Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,139 With Work Limitations: 14,871 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 47.8 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 47 Location: New York Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,221 With Work Limitations: 13,917 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 47.6 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 48 Location: Alabama Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,160 With Work Limitations: 10,997 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 47.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 49 Location: Kentucky Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,345 With Work Limitations: 11,386 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 46.8 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 50 Location: DC Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,187 With Work Limitations: 12,411 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c 42.5 Ranked by Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income 51 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. The unit of the analysis is the individual not the household. Individuals are assumed to receive an equal share of their household's size-adjusted income. Size-adjusted income is household income by dividing income by the square root of household size. The CPS collect income for the year prior to the survey, the "income year". Income is before taxes but after public cash transfers. Negative sources of income are converted to zero. All dollar amounts are in 1998 dollars. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. d. The relative median household size-adjusted income is defined as the median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations as a percentage of the median household size-adjusted income of those without work limitations. Table 9. Median Household Size-Adjusted Income and Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia over the 1980s and 1990s, Percentage Changes and Rankings, by Work Limitations Status.*a Location: United States Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,017 With Work Limitations: 14,335 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 53.1 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,981 With Work Limitations: 14,801 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 51.1 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -3.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: -- Location: Mississippi Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 19,835 With Work Limitations: 9,605 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 48.4 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 21,366 With Work Limitations: 11,601 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 54.3 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 11.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 1 Location: Colorado Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,698 With Work Limitations: 15,161 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 51.1 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,650 With Work Limitations: 17,756 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 56.1 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 9.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 2 Location: Maryland Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 33,213 With Work Limitations: 17,867 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 53.8 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 35,137 With Work Limitations: 20,772 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 59.1 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 9.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 3 Location: Utah Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,669 With Work Limitations: 16,235 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 68.6 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,448 With Work Limitations: 19,513 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 73.8 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 7.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 4 Location: Louisiana Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,548 With Work Limitations: 11,016 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 46.8 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,616 With Work Limitations: 11,844 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 50.2 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 7.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 5 Location: Arizona Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,228 With Work Limitations: 16,479 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 62.8 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,897 With Work Limitations: 17,223 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 66.5 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 5.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 6 Location: Montana Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 22,970 With Work Limitations: 14,421 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 62.8 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,591 With Work Limitations: 15,671 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 66.4 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 5.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 7 Location: Hawaii Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,470 With Work Limitations: 17,806 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 58.4 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 33,678 With Work Limitations: 20,813 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 61.8 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 5.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 8 Location: Virginia Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,285 With Work Limitations: 14,238 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 47.0 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,994 With Work Limitations: 15,504 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 48.5 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 3.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 9 Location: Idaho Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 21,686 With Work Limitations: 14,634 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 67.5 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,441 With Work Limitations: 16,852 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 68.9 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 2.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 10 Location: Alaska Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 33,976 With Work Limitations: 20,650 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 60.8 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 35,160 With Work Limitations: 21,802 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 62.0 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 2.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 11 Location: California Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,309 With Work Limitations: 16,353 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 55.8 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,370 With Work Limitations: 16,715 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 56.9 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 2.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 12 Location: Alabama Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 21,425 With Work Limitations: 10,081 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 47.1 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,895 With Work Limitations: 11,913 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 47.9 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 1.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 13 Location: Texas Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,619 With Work Limitations: 13,886 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 54.2 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,778 With Work Limitations: 14,117 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 54.8 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 1.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 14 Location: New York Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,298 With Work Limitations: 13,460 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 47.6 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,144 With Work Limitations: 14,374 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 47.7 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: 0.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 15 Location: Maine Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,252 With Work Limitations: 14,366 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 59.2 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,246 With Work Limitations: 16,125 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 59.2 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -0.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 16 Location: Nevada Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,757 With Work Limitations: 19,350 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 69.7 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,251 With Work Limitations: 20,023 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 68.5 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -1.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 17 Location: Washington Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,547 With Work Limitations: 17,712 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 62.0 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,459 With Work Limitations: 18,980 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 60.3 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -2.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 18 Location: Delaware Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,037 With Work Limitations: 16,442 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 56.6 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,914 With Work Limitations: 17,527 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 54.9 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -3.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 19 Location: New Jersey Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 33,425 With Work Limitations: 19,670 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 58.8 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 36,495 With Work Limitations: 20,678 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 56.7 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -3.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 20 Location: Missouri Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,262 With Work Limitations: 13,324 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 52.7 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,201 With Work Limitations: 14,257 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 50.6 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -4.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 21 Location: Tennessee Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 22,161 With Work Limitations: 10,923 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 49.3 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,066 With Work Limitations: 11,797 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 47.1 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -4.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 22 Location: South Carolina Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 22,748 With Work Limitations: 11,633 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 51.1 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,196 With Work Limitations: 12,763 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 48.7 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -4.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 23 Location: North Carolina Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,248 With Work Limitations: 12,985 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 53.6 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,523 With Work Limitations: 14,031 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 51.0 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -4.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 24 Location: Georgia Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 25,895 With Work Limitations: 13,124 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 50.7 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,992 With Work Limitations: 13,479 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 48.2 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -5.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 25 Location: South Dakota Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 21,463 With Work Limitations: 14,890 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 69.4 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,587 With Work Limitations: 16,184 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 65.8 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -5.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 26 Location: Oregon Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,380 With Work Limitations: 15,891 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 60.2 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,648 With Work Limitations: 16,327 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 57.0 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -5.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 27 Location: DC Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,077 With Work Limitations: 12,290 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 43.8 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,296 With Work Limitations: 12,531 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 41.4 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -5.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 28 Location: New Mexico Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 21,071 With Work Limitations: 12,343 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 58.6 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 22,522 With Work Limitations: 12,379 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 55.0 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -6.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 29 Location: Oklahoma Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,581 With Work Limitations: 12,904 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 52.5 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,640 With Work Limitations: 12,093 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 49.1 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -6.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 30 Location: Florida Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,283 With Work Limitations: 14,614 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 60.2 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,536 With Work Limitations: 14,922 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 56.2 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -6.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 31 Location: Illinois Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,220 With Work Limitations: 15,006 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 51.4 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,574 With Work Limitations: 15,147 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 48.0 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -6.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 32 Location: Wisconsin Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,046 With Work Limitations: 16,841 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 62.3 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,255 With Work Limitations: 18,035 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 57.7 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -7.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 33 Location: Ohio Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,373 With Work Limitations: 14,358 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 52.5 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,601 With Work Limitations: 14,386 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 48.6 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -7.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 34 Location: Arkansas Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 19,442 With Work Limitations: 11,125 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 57.2 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 22,231 With Work Limitations: 11,654 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 52.4 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -8.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 35 Location: New Hampshire Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 30,135 With Work Limitations: 20,538 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 68.2 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 33,127 With Work Limitations: 20,665 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 62.4 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -8.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 36 Location: Massachusetts Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 32,853 With Work Limitations: 17,428 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 53.0 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 35,558 With Work Limitations: 17,122 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 48.2 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -9.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 37 Location: Vermont Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,472 With Work Limitations: 15,602 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 58.9 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,845 With Work Limitations: 15,391 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 53.4 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -9.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 38 Location: Nebraska Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,492 With Work Limitations: 16,025 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 65.4 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,036 With Work Limitations: 15,966 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 59.1 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -10.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 39 Location: Pennsylvania Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,508 With Work Limitations: 14,372 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 54.2 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 29,661 With Work Limitations: 14,497 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 48.9 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -10.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 40 Location: Minnesota Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,171 With Work Limitations: 18,532 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 65.8 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 32,204 With Work Limitations: 19,097 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 59.3 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -10.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 41 Location: Indiana Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,827 With Work Limitations: 14,114 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 56.9 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,419 With Work Limitations: 13,911 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 50.7 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -11.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 42 Location: North Dakota Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 23,201 With Work Limitations: 16,970 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 73.1 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,951 With Work Limitations: 16,022 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 64.2 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -13.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 43 Location: Wyoming Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,010 With Work Limitations: 18,800 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 69.6 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,166 With Work Limitations: 15,696 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 60.0 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -14.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 44 Location: Michigan Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,395 With Work Limitations: 15,660 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 55.2 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,391 With Work Limitations: 14,806 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 47.2 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -15.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 45 Location: Kansas Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,629 With Work Limitations: 16,288 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 61.2 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,731 With Work Limitations: 14,347 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 51.7 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -16.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 46 Location: Iowa Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 24,372 With Work Limitations: 16,207 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 66.5 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 27,376 With Work Limitations: 15,239 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 55.7 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -17.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 47 Location: West Virginia Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 19,902 With Work Limitations: 11,689 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 58.7 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 22,449 With Work Limitations: 10,722 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 47.8 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -20.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 48 Location: Rhode Island Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 28,226 With Work Limitations: 17,903 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 63.4 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 31,929 With Work Limitations: 16,421 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 51.4 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -20.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 49 Location: Connecticut Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 35,116 With Work Limitations: 24,731 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 70.4 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 37,232 With Work Limitations: 19,724 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 53.0 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -28.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 50 Location: Kentucky Period: Income Years 1980-1989 Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 22,455 With Work Limitations: 12,189 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 54.3 Period: Income Years 1990-1999*c Median Household Size-Adjusted Income (dollars)*b Without Work Limitations: 26,235 With Work Limitations: 10,584 Relative Median Houeshold Size-Adjusted Income (percentages)*c: 40.3 Percentage Change in Relative Household Size-Adjusted Income from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 (Percentages)*c,*d: -29.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 51 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. The unit of the analysis is the individual not the household. Individuals are assumed to receive an equal share of their household's size-adjusted income. Size-adjusted income is household income by dividing income by the square root of household size. The CPS collect income for the year prior to the survey, the "income year". Income is before taxes but after public cash transfers. Negative sources of income are converted to zero. All dollar amounts are in 1998 dollars. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. d. The relative median household size-adjusted income is defined as the median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations as a percentage of the median household size-adjusted income of those without work limitations. The percentage change is the difference between the two averages divided by the average of the two averages multiplied by 100. Appendix Table A1. Percentage of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Limitations for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Survey Years 1981 through 2000.*a Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 7.5 1982: 7.5 1983: 7.2 1984: 7.3 1985*b: 7.6 1986: 7.5 1987: 7.4 1988: 7.1 1989: 7.0 1990: 7.1 1991: 7.1 1992: 7.4 1993: 7.6 1994*b: 8.0 1995: 8.0 1996: 7.9 1997: 8.0 1998: 7.8 1999: 7.5 2000: 7.6 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 9.4 1982: 8.8 1983: 7.1 1984: 8.4 1985*b: 7.5 1986: 9.4 1987: 8.6 1988: 8.1 1989: 8.3 1990: 9.4 1991: 9.5 1992: 10.0 1993: 8.2 1994*b: 12.6 1995: 9.0 1996: 10.3 1997: 11.0 1998: 10.3 1999: 10.1 2000: 9.0 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 6.3 1982: 5.5 1983: 5.8 1984: 4.6 1985*b: 5.5 1986: 4.9 1987: 6.6 1988: 5.1 1989: 5.5 1990: 5.0 1991: 5.7 1992: 6.1 1993: 5.2 1994*b: 6.5 1995: 6.6 1996: 6.2 1997: 7.0 1998: 8.0 1999: 6.4 2000: 7.0 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 7.5 1982: 8.3 1983: 8.7 1984: 7.9 1985*b: 6.9 1986: 8.6 1987: 9.4 1988: 6.6 1989: 6.3 1990: 7.1 1991: 5.6 1992: 6.9 1993: 8.9 1994*b: 8.0 1995: 7.3 1996: 6.3 1997: 8.6 1998: 6.9 1999: 5.5 2000: 5.4 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 11.9 1982: 11.6 1983: 11.5 1984: 10.2 1985*b: 11.4 1986: 12.7 1987: 12.5 1988: 11.0 1989: 10.0 1990: 8.5 1991: 9.0 1992: 10.5 1993: 10.8 1994*b: 11.6 1995: 8.9 1996: 12.6 1997: 11.9 1998: 11.8 1999: 11.2 2000: 9.6 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 6.8 1982: 7.9 1983: 7.3 1984: 6.7 1985*b: 7.5 1986: 7.3 1987: 7.1 1988: 7.0 1989: 6.5 1990: 6.7 1991: 6.7 1992: 6.5 1993: 7.8 1994*b: 7.1 1995: 7.3 1996: 7.2 1997: 7.1 1998: 7.3 1999: 6.8 2000: 7.2 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 4.8 1982: 5.7 1983: 6.1 1984: 6.3 1985*b: 7.5 1986: 4.4 1987: 8.4 1988: 7.2 1989: 6.6 1990: 7.0 1991: 6.1 1992: 7.8 1993: 7.8 1994*b: 6.1 1995: 6.3 1996: 7.2 1997: 6.4 1998: 6.8 1999: 7.3 2000: 7.2 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 5.9 1982: 4.9 1983: 6.2 1984: 6.0 1985*b: 6.6 1986: 5.6 1987: 4.3 1988: 6.3 1989: 5.7 1990: 3.4 1991: 4.2 1992: 5.1 1993: 6.3 1994*b: 7.4 1995: 5.1 1996: 4.3 1997: 5.3 1998: 7.7 1999: 8.7 2000: 5.9 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 7.2 1982: 8.1 1983: 6.8 1984: 5.0 1985*b: 6.9 1986: 6.1 1987: 6.6 1988: 5.5 1989: 7.1 1990: 7.0 1991: 5.5 1992: 6.5 1993: 7.6 1994*b: 6.7 1995: 6.9 1996: 6.7 1997: 6.4 1998: 5.7 1999: 5.0 2000: 8.5 Location: District of Columbia Survey Year 1981: 9.3 1982: 7.2 1983: 8.5 1984: 9.6 1985*b: 9.4 1986: 8.1 1987: 7.4 1988: 7.6 1989: 7.1 1990: 7.1 1991: 10.0 1992: 6.9 1993: 7.2 1994*b: 8.0 1995: 8.5 1996: 9.6 1997: 9.1 1998: 7.0 1999: 8.6 2000: 8.1 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 7.7 1982: 8.2 1983: 8.6 1984: 9.0 1985*b: 8.2 1986: 8.1 1987: 7.3 1988: 7.5 1989: 7.3 1990: 6.7 1991: 7.0 1992: 8.3 1993: 7.6 1994*b: 8.4 1995: 9.0 1996: 8.6 1997: 8.7 1998: 7.6 1999: 8.0 2000: 6.9 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 10.3 1982: 8.6 1983: 8.0 1984: 7.5 1985*b: 9.7 1986: 9.8 1987: 8.6 1988: 8.8 1989: 8.3 1990: 8.4 1991: 7.6 1992: 8.8 1993: 9.0 1994*b: 8.8 1995: 9.3 1996: 9.7 1997: 7.6 1998: 7.2 1999: 8.2 2000: 8.7 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 7.0 1982: 6.2 1983: 6.1 1984: 6.5 1985*b: 6.8 1986: 6.5 1987: 7.1 1988: 4.6 1989: 3.7 1990: 6.1 1991: 4.5 1992: 6.0 1993: 6.9 1994*b: 7.2 1995: 6.5 1996: 4.4 1997: 6.0 1998: 6.7 1999: 4.4 2000: 5.1 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 8.1 1982: 7.3 1983: 7.9 1984: 9.1 1985*b: 8.4 1986: 9.0 1987: 8.3 1988: 8.1 1989: 7.8 1990: 7.9 1991: 7.4 1992: 8.9 1993: 7.0 1994*b: 5.5 1995: 8.4 1996: 8.5 1997: 7.6 1998: 8.3 1999: 6.0 2000: 6.6 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 6.5 1982: 6.2 1983: 5.7 1984: 6.3 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 5.7 1987: 6.3 1988: 6.1 1989: 6.1 1990: 6.5 1991: 6.4 1992: 5.6 1993: 7.2 1994*b: 7.5 1995: 7.4 1996: 6.4 1997: 7.2 1998: 7.1 1999: 6.4 2000: 6.2 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 6.1 1982: 7.2 1983: 7.4 1984: 7.2 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 6.7 1987: 7.5 1988: 6.8 1989: 5.2 1990: 5.0 1991: 6.2 1992: 7.2 1993: 5.4 1994*b: 6.0 1995: 9.4 1996: 7.2 1997: 7.1 1998: 7.0 1999: 6.6 2000: 7.5 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 6.6 1982: 6.2 1983: 5.8 1984: 5.2 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 7.4 1987: 6.9 1988: 6.1 1989: 5.4 1990: 6.4 1991: 6.1 1992: 5.9 1993: 6.9 1994*b: 6.5 1995: 7.3 1996: 6.4 1997: 5.8 1998: 6.0 1999: 5.3 2000: 4.8 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 7.3 1982: 5.9 1983: 6.6 1984: 5.5 1985*b: 4.9 1986: 5.8 1987: 6.1 1988: 5.2 1989: 4.8 1990: 6.5 1991: 5.5 1992: 4.9 1993: 5.7 1994*b: 7.1 1995: 6.4 1996: 8.2 1997: 7.4 1998: 7.7 1999: 7.1 2000: 6.4 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 8.4 1982: 9.5 1983: 8.7 1984: 8.2 1985*b: 8.3 1986: 9.4 1987: 10.1 1988: 9.9 1989: 9.8 1990: 8.8 1991: 12.8 1992: 11.4 1993: 11.6 1994*b: 11.7 1995: 13.3 1996: 13.6 1997: 10.1 1998: 11.5 1999: 11.4 2000: 11.0 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 8.8 1982: 10.3 1983: 8.7 1984: 7.9 1985*b: 8.0 1986: 10.4 1987: 10.0 1988: 9.7 1989: 10.1 1990: 9.8 1991: 8.3 1992: 7.1 1993: 9.1 1994*b: 13.7 1995: 9.4 1996: 10.6 1997: 9.7 1998: 8.5 1999: 9.7 2000: 10.3 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 8.1 1982: 6.6 1983: 7.7 1984: 8.4 1985*b: 8.5 1986: 9.4 1987: 8.5 1988: 10.5 1989: 8.2 1990: 7.9 1991: 7.4 1992: 8.4 1993: 10.5 1994*b: 9.0 1995: 11.5 1996: 8.7 1997: 9.4 1998: 11.2 1999: 10.4 2000: 8.5 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 5.8 1982: 6.2 1983: 6.2 1984: 6.5 1985*b: 7.6 1986: 5.7 1987: 5.9 1988: 5.0 1989: 6.5 1990: 6.3 1991: 5.3 1992: 5.9 1993: 5.2 1994*b: 8.9 1995: 6.3 1996: 7.3 1997: 6.5 1998: 5.7 1999: 6.1 2000: 6.6 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 6.3 1982: 6.2 1983: 5.0 1984: 6.0 1985*b: 6.0 1986: 6.9 1987: 5.3 1988: 5.8 1989: 6.2 1990: 6.7 1991: 8.0 1992: 6.8 1993: 6.5 1994*b: 6.5 1995: 7.5 1996: 8.1 1997: 7.9 1998: 8.3 1999: 6.6 2000: 6.7 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 8.1 1982: 8.5 1983: 8.3 1984: 9.5 1985*b: 9.9 1986: 9.5 1987: 9.1 1988: 8.1 1989: 8.4 1990: 9.2 1991: 8.8 1992: 8.7 1993: 8.3 1994*b: 8.9 1995: 8.8 1996: 8.1 1997: 8.4 1998: 8.3 1999: 7.9 2000: 8.4 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 6.1 1982: 5.4 1983: 6.5 1984: 6.7 1985*b: 7.3 1986: 6.8 1987: 8.2 1988: 7.1 1989: 5.5 1990: 6.4 1991: 6.9 1992: 8.7 1993: 7.2 1994*b: 8.1 1995: 6.2 1996: 5.0 1997: 6.5 1998: 6.1 1999: 5.4 2000: 6.4 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 11.1 1982: 9.9 1983: 9.7 1984: 10.4 1985*b: 12.0 1986: 8.7 1987: 9.5 1988: 10.4 1989: 10.8 1990: 10.2 1991: 11.2 1992: 10.7 1993: 9.5 1994*b: 9.6 1995: 8.9 1996: 10.0 1997: 9.4 1998: 9.7 1999: 8.7 2000: 9.9 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 7.0 1982: 8.1 1983: 7.7 1984: 7.2 1985*b: 7.4 1986: 7.6 1987: 7.4 1988: 7.1 1989: 7.5 1990: 6.9 1991: 7.8 1992: 6.4 1993: 8.1 1994*b: 7.7 1995: 9.2 1996: 6.1 1997: 9.0 1998: 8.4 1999: 7.4 2000: 5.8 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 7.1 1982: 5.3 1983: 8.5 1984: 8.8 1985*b: 7.1 1986: 9.4 1987: 8.9 1988: 9.6 1989: 9.7 1990: 8.6 1991: 7.7 1992: 8.7 1993: 7.9 1994*b: 8.3 1995: 8.8 1996: 9.3 1997: 9.7 1998: 9.3 1999: 9.6 2000: 8.1 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 6.9 1982: 5.3 1983: 5.5 1984: 5.7 1985*b: 5.0 1986: 4.3 1987: 5.6 1988: 5.6 1989: 4.8 1990: 5.1 1991: 6.8 1992: 5.5 1993: 5.5 1994*b: 5.7 1995: 4.7 1996: 6.2 1997: 6.4 1998: 6.8 1999: 5.9 2000: 7.6 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 7.7 1982: 4.7 1983: 5.1 1984: 5.3 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 6.5 1987: 6.0 1988: 7.7 1989: 6.5 1990: 5.1 1991: 5.7 1992: 7.3 1993: 6.3 1994*b: 8.2 1995: 7.6 1996: 7.3 1997: 5.6 1998: 6.3 1999: 5.8 2000: 7.3 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 4.9 1982: 8.0 1983: 7.3 1984: 6.7 1985*b: 6.0 1986: 4.6 1987: 7.1 1988: 5.0 1989: 6.0 1990: 5.7 1991: 5.9 1992: 6.9 1993: 7.5 1994*b: 7.4 1995: 6.8 1996: 7.3 1997: 9.2 1998: 7.4 1999: 7.0 2000: 9.3 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 5.4 1982: 6.8 1983: 6.5 1984: 5.6 1985*b: 5.9 1986: 5.9 1987: 6.3 1988: 4.9 1989: 4.1 1990: 4.4 1991: 4.2 1992: 4.7 1993: 5.2 1994*b: 5.9 1995: 5.7 1996: 5.6 1997: 6.7 1998: 5.8 1999: 5.8 2000: 5.8 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 8.2 1982: 11.1 1983: 7.9 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 7.8 1986: 6.3 1987: 8.3 1988: 7.1 1989: 7.3 1990: 8.3 1991: 8.3 1992: 7.3 1993: 9.9 1994*b: 11.4 1995: 8.8 1996: 9.6 1997: 9.2 1998: 8.5 1999: 7.8 2000: 7.9 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 6.8 1982: 7.1 1983: 6.1 1984: 6.8 1985*b: 7.4 1986: 7.0 1987: 6.1 1988: 6.2 1989: 6.6 1990: 6.2 1991: 7.0 1992: 6.5 1993: 6.9 1994*b: 7.6 1995: 8.0 1996: 7.3 1997: 7.9 1998: 7.6 1999: 8.5 2000: 8.6 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 8.5 1982: 9.6 1983: 8.3 1984: 7.8 1985*b: 8.9 1986: 8.4 1987: 7.2 1988: 7.5 1989: 7.6 1990: 7.6 1991: 7.2 1992: 7.7 1993: 7.8 1994*b: 9.2 1995: 8.9 1996: 8.3 1997: 7.6 1998: 8.7 1999: 8.4 2000: 8.2 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 6.8 1982: 6.8 1983: 4.9 1984: 5.6 1985*b: 6.1 1986: 5.7 1987: 5.4 1988: 6.4 1989: 6.1 1990: 7.0 1991: 6.9 1992: 5.7 1993: 4.9 1994*b: 5.8 1995: 6.3 1996: 4.6 1997: 5.9 1998: 6.4 1999: 5.6 2000: 6.9 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 7.9 1982: 7.5 1983: 7.3 1984: 8.4 1985*b: 8.6 1986: 7.4 1987: 6.8 1988: 6.6 1989: 7.4 1990: 7.2 1991: 7.3 1992: 7.7 1993: 7.4 1994*b: 8.0 1995: 7.6 1996: 8.7 1997: 8.1 1998: 7.9 1999: 9.1 2000: 8.7 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 7.8 1982: 8.0 1983: 8.6 1984: 7.6 1985*b: 6.3 1986: 7.6 1987: 7.3 1988: 6.0 1989: 9.8 1990: 8.3 1991: 8.6 1992: 9.1 1993: 7.5 1994*b: 9.8 1995: 8.7 1996: 8.2 1997: 8.8 1998: 10.4 1999: 10.4 2000: 10.0 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 9.5 1982: 9.0 1983: 8.2 1984: 8.9 1985*b: 7.8 1986: 7.8 1987: 7.5 1988: 9.5 1989: 9.3 1990: 7.5 1991: 8.6 1992: 9.6 1993: 9.0 1994*b: 7.4 1995: 8.3 1996: 9.0 1997: 8.3 1998: 7.5 1999: 6.9 2000: 6.8 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 8.7 1982: 7.3 1983: 6.8 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 8.4 1986: 8.1 1987: 8.4 1988: 7.2 1989: 6.8 1990: 6.6 1991: 7.2 1992: 8.2 1993: 8.7 1994*b: 8.2 1995: 8.6 1996: 8.8 1997: 9.0 1998: 8.4 1999: 7.7 2000: 7.6 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 10.1 1982: 8.3 1983: 9.5 1984: 9.5 1985*b: 9.1 1986: 8.2 1987: 6.6 1988: 7.9 1989: 8.0 1990: 7.8 1991: 7.3 1992: 7.1 1993: 8.4 1994*b: 7.2 1995: 8.0 1996: 10.7 1997: 9.6 1998: 8.8 1999: 7.2 2000: 11.0 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 7.8 1982: 6.7 1983: 7.3 1984: 7.5 1985*b: 8.7 1986: 8.4 1987: 8.6 1988: 6.1 1989: 6.9 1990: 9.5 1991: 8.5 1992: 9.6 1993: 8.8 1994*b: 8.8 1995: 10.5 1996: 8.9 1997: 8.1 1998: 8.6 1999: 9.5 2000: 7.8 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 5.2 1982: 6.2 1983: 6.8 1984: 5.2 1985*b: 5.9 1986: 8.0 1987: 5.5 1988: 5.6 1989: 5.7 1990: 6.9 1991: 7.6 1992: 7.9 1993: 9.1 1994*b: 7.3 1995: 7.0 1996: 8.0 1997: 6.7 1998: 6.2 1999: 6.6 2000: 6.8 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 7.5 1982: 8.1 1983: 10.2 1984: 9.4 1985*b: 9.6 1986: 11.4 1987: 11.3 1988: 9.4 1989: 10.0 1990: 9.6 1991: 7.3 1992: 10.6 1993: 12.1 1994*b: 12.9 1995: 11.6 1996: 9.7 1997: 13.7 1998: 10.8 1999: 8.3 2000: 10.1 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 7.2 1982: 6.2 1983: 5.8 1984: 6.6 1985*b: 6.3 1986: 6.4 1987: 7.2 1988: 7.1 1989: 6.6 1990: 7.1 1991: 6.6 1992: 7.1 1993: 6.4 1994*b: 7.2 1995: 7.2 1996: 7.1 1997: 6.6 1998: 7.2 1999: 6.7 2000: 6.8 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 5.7 1982: 6.0 1983: 6.5 1984: 5.5 1985*b: 6.4 1986: 6.2 1987: 4.5 1988: 4.6 1989: 5.6 1990: 6.4 1991: 5.0 1992: 5.9 1993: 5.0 1994*b: 6.6 1995: 5.9 1996: 5.9 1997: 5.0 1998: 5.7 1999: 5.4 2000: 6.7 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 8.9 1982: 7.5 1983: 7.4 1984: 7.2 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 5.7 1987: 7.3 1988: 8.4 1989: 5.9 1990: 5.3 1991: 7.1 1992: 8.9 1993: 8.5 1994*b: 8.8 1995: 7.5 1996: 6.4 1997: 8.7 1998: 8.8 1999: 7.3 2000: 8.4 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 8.3 1982: 7.1 1983: 7.0 1984: 5.4 1985*b: 7.4 1986: 7.7 1987: 7.2 1988: 7.2 1989: 6.8 1990: 7.3 1991: 6.9 1992: 6.7 1993: 5.9 1994*b: 5.7 1995: 7.4 1996: 9.9 1997: 8.9 1998: 8.2 1999: 6.7 2000: 7.2 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 9.8 1982: 7.6 1983: 7.8 1984: 7.1 1985*b: 8.5 1986: 9.6 1987: 8.9 1988: 6.8 1989: 6.4 1990: 7.4 1991: 10.1 1992: 9.0 1993: 6.6 1994*b: 7.5 1995: 8.8 1996: 8.8 1997: 8.6 1998: 7.0 1999: 7.7 2000: 7.4 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 11.4 1982: 11.6 1983: 12.5 1984: 11.9 1985*b: 11.0 1986: 10.1 1987: 10.0 1988: 10.4 1989: 11.0 1990: 10.6 1991: 9.4 1992: 10.5 1993: 12.5 1994*b: 13.9 1995: 14.2 1996: 12.3 1997: 16.0 1998: 12.9 1999: 12.6 2000: 12.7 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 6.2 1982: 6.6 1983: 6.1 1984: 6.3 1985*b: 7.3 1986: 5.0 1987: 5.6 1988: 4.8 1989: 5.8 1990: 7.4 1991: 6.4 1992: 5.9 1993: 7.9 1994*b: 8.2 1995: 6.3 1996: 6.7 1997: 8.1 1998: 8.3 1999: 7.6 2000: 7.8 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 5.2 1982: 6.2 1983: 6.6 1984: 5.6 1985*b: 6.3 1986: 7.8 1987: 7.9 1988: 7.3 1989: 8.1 1990: 7.9 1991: 6.1 1992: 8.1 1993: 6.9 1994*b: 7.5 1995: 6.6 1996: 7.7 1997: 8.5 1998: 6.8 1999: 7.6 2000: 7.5 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A2. Percentage of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Disabilities for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Survey Years 1981 through 2000.*a Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 10.4 1982: 10.4 1983: 10.1 1984: 10.0 1985*b: 10.1 1986: 10.2 1987: 10.0 1988: 10.1 1989: 10.0 1990: 10.0 1991: 10.3 1992: 10.5 1993: 10.6 1994*b: 11.2 1995: 11.0 1996: 10.9 1997: 11.0 1998: 10.7 1999: 10.4 2000: 10.0 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 12.2 1982: 11.5 1983: 9.2 1984: 10.8 1985*b: 10.5 1986: 11.3 1987: 11.1 1988: 11.7 1989: 11.9 1990: 12.6 1991: 13.4 1992: 12.2 1993: 11.1 1994*b: 16.4 1995: 11.8 1996: 13.6 1997: 12.7 1998: 13.0 1999: 11.4 2000: 11.4 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 9.4 1982: 9.4 1983: 8.6 1984: 8.1 1985*b: 8.9 1986: 7.8 1987: 9.1 1988: 7.7 1989: 8.4 1990: 7.3 1991: 9.5 1992: 9.6 1993: 9.3 1994*b: 10.0 1995: 9.2 1996: 9.5 1997: 9.7 1998: 12.4 1999: 9.8 2000: 10.3 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 10.3 1982: 11.9 1983: 11.1 1984: 9.7 1985*b: 9.3 1986: 11.9 1987: 11.3 1988: 10.0 1989: 8.1 1990: 9.4 1991: 8.2 1992: 9.1 1993: 12.1 1994*b: 10.9 1995: 10.4 1996: 9.7 1997: 11.8 1998: 10.8 1999: 8.5 2000: 7.4 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 15.0 1982: 14.8 1983: 14.6 1984: 13.9 1985*b: 13.5 1986: 15.2 1987: 15.7 1988: 14.5 1989: 12.6 1990: 10.7 1991: 12.2 1992: 13.7 1993: 13.8 1994*b: 15.5 1995: 11.6 1996: 16.1 1997: 15.7 1998: 16.2 1999: 13.4 2000: 12.1 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 10.5 1982: 11.8 1983: 10.6 1984: 9.7 1985*b: 10.3 1986: 10.5 1987: 9.6 1988: 10.1 1989: 9.7 1990: 10.3 1991: 10.4 1992: 10.2 1993: 11.1 1994*b: 11.0 1995: 10.4 1996: 10.4 1997: 10.3 1998: 10.8 1999: 10.1 2000: 9.8 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 8.5 1982: 8.1 1983: 8.3 1984: 9.4 1985*b: 10.1 1986: 7.2 1987: 11.1 1988: 9.1 1989: 9.8 1990: 10.3 1991: 9.3 1992: 11.2 1993: 10.9 1994*b: 9.5 1995: 8.8 1996: 9.5 1997: 8.8 1998: 9.6 1999: 9.5 2000: 9.8 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 7.6 1982: 7.5 1983: 8.2 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 9.8 1986: 7.8 1987: 7.4 1988: 8.6 1989: 8.5 1990: 5.7 1991: 7.9 1992: 7.8 1993: 9.3 1994*b: 9.5 1995: 7.5 1996: 7.1 1997: 8.6 1998: 9.3 1999: 11.1 2000: 8.9 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 9.9 1982: 10.2 1983: 9.6 1984: 7.0 1985*b: 10.0 1986: 9.4 1987: 10.4 1988: 7.0 1989: 10.2 1990: 10.6 1991: 8.3 1992: 8.8 1993: 9.6 1994*b: 9.2 1995: 10.7 1996: 9.6 1997: 10.2 1998: 9.1 1999: 8.6 2000: 11.0 Location: District of Columbia Survey Year 1981: 12.9 1982: 10.7 1983: 10.5 1984: 13.5 1985*b: 13.2 1986: 12.6 1987: 8.8 1988: 10.7 1989: 10.2 1990: 9.0 1991: 12.6 1992: 8.5 1993: 10.3 1994*b: 11.1 1995: 11.2 1996: 12.9 1997: 13.7 1998: 10.4 1999: 13.1 2000: 10.3 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 10.7 1982: 11.3 1983: 11.5 1984: 11.8 1985*b: 10.6 1986: 10.9 1987: 9.8 1988: 10.5 1989: 10.3 1990: 9.5 1991: 10.0 1992: 11.3 1993: 10.6 1994*b: 11.5 1995: 12.4 1996: 11.8 1997: 11.8 1998: 10.6 1999: 10.7 2000: 9.1 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 13.4 1982: 11.4 1983: 10.8 1984: 9.8 1985*b: 11.8 1986: 12.1 1987: 10.7 1988: 11.7 1989: 11.2 1990: 10.2 1991: 10.6 1992: 13.0 1993: 12.0 1994*b: 11.0 1995: 11.8 1996: 13.1 1997: 10.5 1998: 9.6 1999: 11.1 2000: 10.9 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 9.9 1982: 9.2 1983: 9.5 1984: 9.7 1985*b: 8.9 1986: 9.6 1987: 10.1 1988: 6.6 1989: 7.5 1990: 9.7 1991: 7.3 1992: 10.3 1993: 9.9 1994*b: 10.7 1995: 9.1 1996: 8.1 1997: 8.8 1998: 9.3 1999: 6.0 2000: 7.4 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 10.9 1982: 9.4 1983: 11.6 1984: 12.7 1985*b: 11.9 1986: 11.7 1987: 10.7 1988: 10.0 1989: 11.4 1990: 10.5 1991: 10.2 1992: 12.8 1993: 9.3 1994*b: 9.2 1995: 11.6 1996: 13.0 1997: 10.8 1998: 11.2 1999: 8.5 2000: 9.7 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 8.6 1982: 8.3 1983: 8.2 1984: 8.4 1985*b: 8.2 1986: 8.2 1987: 8.2 1988: 8.5 1989: 8.9 1990: 9.6 1991: 8.7 1992: 8.4 1993: 9.9 1994*b: 9.9 1995: 9.9 1996: 9.2 1997: 9.8 1998: 9.0 1999: 8.5 2000: 8.2 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 9.3 1982: 9.8 1983: 10.0 1984: 9.4 1985*b: 8.6 1986: 9.0 1987: 9.4 1988: 9.9 1989: 7.0 1990: 7.6 1991: 9.0 1992: 10.1 1993: 8.7 1994*b: 9.7 1995: 12.9 1996: 10.3 1997: 10.4 1998: 8.7 1999: 9.8 2000: 9.1 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 9.7 1982: 8.1 1983: 7.4 1984: 7.3 1985*b: 8.9 1986: 9.5 1987: 9.0 1988: 9.0 1989: 7.8 1990: 8.5 1991: 9.7 1992: 9.3 1993: 8.7 1994*b: 8.7 1995: 9.3 1996: 8.5 1997: 8.0 1998: 9.1 1999: 7.5 2000: 6.9 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 9.1 1982: 8.2 1983: 9.2 1984: 8.8 1985*b: 6.8 1986: 7.8 1987: 8.4 1988: 7.6 1989: 7.1 1990: 8.9 1991: 8.6 1992: 6.5 1993: 8.4 1994*b: 9.1 1995: 9.5 1996: 12.8 1997: 11.0 1998: 10.3 1999: 9.2 2000: 8.6 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 11.4 1982: 13.8 1983: 11.6 1984: 10.8 1985*b: 10.5 1986: 12.1 1987: 12.5 1988: 12.8 1989: 12.8 1990: 12.6 1991: 16.1 1992: 14.3 1993: 14.7 1994*b: 15.0 1995: 16.1 1996: 16.0 1997: 14.1 1998: 14.3 1999: 14.1 2000: 13.9 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 11.6 1982: 13.0 1983: 12.2 1984: 12.0 1985*b: 10.3 1986: 12.2 1987: 12.4 1988: 12.6 1989: 13.3 1990: 13.1 1991: 11.6 1992: 10.0 1993: 11.6 1994*b: 16.9 1995: 13.5 1996: 14.4 1997: 13.7 1998: 11.3 1999: 13.0 2000: 13.4 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 11.3 1982: 11.1 1983: 12.0 1984: 11.9 1985*b: 11.2 1986: 12.1 1987: 12.2 1988: 14.1 1989: 11.6 1990: 11.8 1991: 10.4 1992: 12.2 1993: 13.6 1994*b: 11.8 1995: 15.7 1996: 11.2 1997: 13.1 1998: 15.7 1999: 13.7 2000: 11.6 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 7.8 1982: 8.3 1983: 8.6 1984: 8.9 1985*b: 10.0 1986: 8.1 1987: 9.2 1988: 8.2 1989: 9.0 1990: 7.9 1991: 8.3 1992: 8.0 1993: 7.4 1994*b: 12.0 1995: 8.3 1996: 9.7 1997: 9.1 1998: 8.1 1999: 9.2 2000: 8.3 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 10.3 1982: 9.4 1983: 8.0 1984: 9.3 1985*b: 8.8 1986: 10.1 1987: 7.8 1988: 8.7 1989: 9.5 1990: 9.7 1991: 11.1 1992: 10.1 1993: 9.2 1994*b: 9.4 1995: 10.4 1996: 10.9 1997: 11.8 1998: 10.5 1999: 9.1 2000: 9.3 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 11.0 1982: 11.4 1983: 11.2 1984: 11.9 1985*b: 12.3 1986: 12.2 1987: 12.3 1988: 11.5 1989: 11.8 1990: 12.6 1991: 12.7 1992: 12.1 1993: 10.8 1994*b: 12.3 1995: 12.2 1996: 10.9 1997: 10.8 1998: 10.9 1999: 10.6 2000: 10.9 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 8.7 1982: 8.0 1983: 9.4 1984: 9.0 1985*b: 8.5 1986: 9.6 1987: 10.6 1988: 8.8 1989: 7.5 1990: 8.6 1991: 9.5 1992: 11.2 1993: 9.1 1994*b: 11.7 1995: 9.3 1996: 7.6 1997: 9.5 1998: 9.4 1999: 8.3 2000: 8.3 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 15.4 1982: 12.8 1983: 13.0 1984: 13.4 1985*b: 14.8 1986: 11.7 1987: 12.0 1988: 13.8 1989: 14.4 1990: 12.9 1991: 14.9 1992: 14.4 1993: 13.1 1994*b: 13.6 1995: 14.6 1996: 16.1 1997: 12.7 1998: 13.0 1999: 12.5 2000: 12.1 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 9.6 1982: 11.5 1983: 11.1 1984: 9.1 1985*b: 9.5 1986: 9.1 1987: 9.4 1988: 10.0 1989: 9.8 1990: 9.6 1991: 10.6 1992: 8.4 1993: 10.9 1994*b: 10.9 1995: 12.2 1996: 8.8 1997: 12.9 1998: 11.2 1999: 9.3 2000: 8.4 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 10.0 1982: 8.7 1983: 11.6 1984: 11.8 1985*b: 10.3 1986: 12.4 1987: 11.6 1988: 12.9 1989: 12.4 1990: 11.6 1991: 9.7 1992: 11.6 1993: 12.4 1994*b: 11.2 1995: 12.1 1996: 13.3 1997: 12.8 1998: 11.5 1999: 12.7 2000: 11.1 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 9.4 1982: 7.3 1983: 7.3 1984: 7.7 1985*b: 7.3 1986: 6.6 1987: 7.4 1988: 7.4 1989: 7.9 1990: 8.1 1991: 10.4 1992: 8.3 1993: 7.9 1994*b: 8.9 1995: 8.1 1996: 8.2 1997: 9.5 1998: 9.8 1999: 9.2 2000: 10.0 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 10.4 1982: 8.6 1983: 8.0 1984: 7.8 1985*b: 8.7 1986: 8.7 1987: 8.9 1988: 11.4 1989: 9.2 1990: 9.3 1991: 9.3 1992: 10.1 1993: 10.0 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 10.7 1996: 10.2 1997: 8.0 1998: 10.8 1999: 9.1 2000: 9.5 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 8.0 1982: 11.6 1983: 11.7 1984: 9.5 1985*b: 9.5 1986: 7.6 1987: 9.8 1988: 8.8 1989: 9.7 1990: 9.6 1991: 9.8 1992: 10.5 1993: 10.8 1994*b: 9.7 1995: 9.1 1996: 11.3 1997: 11.6 1998: 10.4 1999: 9.2 2000: 11.3 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 8.3 1982: 9.6 1983: 9.1 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 7.9 1986: 8.7 1987: 8.9 1988: 8.2 1989: 6.8 1990: 7.2 1991: 7.2 1992: 7.5 1993: 8.3 1994*b: 9.2 1995: 8.0 1996: 8.6 1997: 9.7 1998: 8.7 1999: 8.4 2000: 7.6 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 11.1 1982: 13.5 1983: 10.5 1984: 10.4 1985*b: 11.6 1986: 9.3 1987: 10.0 1988: 10.3 1989: 9.7 1990: 10.7 1991: 10.7 1992: 10.0 1993: 12.3 1994*b: 13.9 1995: 11.7 1996: 12.9 1997: 11.7 1998: 11.0 1999: 11.3 2000: 10.7 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 9.8 1982: 10.2 1983: 9.1 1984: 10.0 1985*b: 10.2 1986: 10.4 1987: 9.2 1988: 9.9 1989: 9.8 1990: 9.4 1991: 10.7 1992: 10.1 1993: 11.0 1994*b: 10.8 1995: 11.5 1996: 10.5 1997: 11.4 1998: 11.0 1999: 12.3 2000: 10.9 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 11.0 1982: 12.1 1983: 11.0 1984: 9.9 1985*b: 10.8 1986: 11.2 1987: 10.1 1988: 10.5 1989: 11.0 1990: 10.4 1991: 10.6 1992: 10.5 1993: 11.3 1994*b: 12.0 1995: 12.0 1996: 11.1 1997: 10.6 1998: 11.4 1999: 11.3 2000: 10.5 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 9.4 1982: 8.9 1983: 6.4 1984: 8.1 1985*b: 8.7 1986: 8.3 1987: 7.7 1988: 8.7 1989: 8.7 1990: 9.0 1991: 10.4 1992: 8.4 1993: 8.2 1994*b: 7.7 1995: 7.9 1996: 8.1 1997: 8.4 1998: 9.7 1999: 7.9 2000: 9.1 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 10.5 1982: 10.1 1983: 9.8 1984: 10.6 1985*b: 11.0 1986: 9.9 1987: 9.3 1988: 9.6 1989: 10.5 1990: 9.7 1991: 9.9 1992: 10.1 1993: 10.2 1994*b: 10.7 1995: 11.2 1996: 11.2 1997: 10.9 1998: 10.7 1999: 12.1 2000: 12.0 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 12.0 1982: 10.8 1983: 11.6 1984: 9.9 1985*b: 7.7 1986: 9.8 1987: 8.7 1988: 7.9 1989: 12.8 1990: 11.0 1991: 11.2 1992: 12.3 1993: 9.5 1994*b: 12.5 1995: 11.3 1996: 12.0 1997: 11.2 1998: 13.9 1999: 14.6 2000: 12.1 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 12.9 1982: 12.1 1983: 11.5 1984: 12.8 1985*b: 10.0 1986: 11.2 1987: 11.0 1988: 13.1 1989: 12.9 1990: 10.3 1991: 12.2 1992: 13.2 1993: 12.3 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 11.4 1996: 12.5 1997: 11.0 1998: 9.8 1999: 10.3 2000: 9.0 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 11.6 1982: 10.7 1983: 10.1 1984: 10.9 1985*b: 10.6 1986: 10.3 1987: 10.8 1988: 10.7 1989: 10.5 1990: 10.1 1991: 10.7 1992: 11.2 1993: 11.6 1994*b: 11.0 1995: 11.3 1996: 11.8 1997: 11.5 1998: 11.4 1999: 10.3 2000: 9.9 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 13.4 1982: 13.0 1983: 13.5 1984: 14.2 1985*b: 12.6 1986: 10.5 1987: 11.6 1988: 12.6 1989: 10.5 1990: 10.8 1991: 10.9 1992: 10.3 1993: 11.9 1994*b: 10.9 1995: 12.7 1996: 13.4 1997: 13.5 1998: 12.7 1999: 9.3 2000: 14.5 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 11.5 1982: 10.0 1983: 11.5 1984: 10.5 1985*b: 12.1 1986: 10.7 1987: 10.9 1988: 9.2 1989: 9.6 1990: 11.2 1991: 10.6 1992: 12.5 1993: 11.9 1994*b: 11.7 1995: 12.7 1996: 12.5 1997: 11.8 1998: 11.5 1999: 11.8 2000: 9.8 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 8.6 1982: 9.5 1983: 9.3 1984: 8.7 1985*b: 8.0 1986: 10.1 1987: 8.7 1988: 8.0 1989: 9.5 1990: 10.6 1991: 10.9 1992: 10.6 1993: 11.8 1994*b: 10.5 1995: 9.6 1996: 11.0 1997: 9.8 1998: 9.6 1999: 9.2 2000: 8.8 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 10.3 1982: 12.2 1983: 13.8 1984: 12.7 1985*b: 12.3 1986: 13.5 1987: 13.5 1988: 13.6 1989: 12.9 1990: 13.2 1991: 10.1 1992: 14.4 1993: 15.2 1994*b: 16.5 1995: 15.2 1996: 13.0 1997: 17.3 1998: 13.9 1999: 11.9 2000: 12.1 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 10.1 1982: 8.5 1983: 8.7 1984: 8.8 1985*b: 8.8 1986: 8.6 1987: 9.4 1988: 10.1 1989: 9.2 1990: 9.7 1991: 9.1 1992: 10.2 1993: 9.5 1994*b: 9.9 1995: 9.8 1996: 9.6 1997: 9.0 1998: 9.9 1999: 9.3 2000: 8.9 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 8.4 1982: 8.6 1983: 9.0 1984: 8.5 1985*b: 9.3 1986: 8.1 1987: 7.3 1988: 6.7 1989: 7.8 1990: 9.3 1991: 8.5 1992: 8.5 1993: 7.8 1994*b: 9.6 1995: 9.1 1996: 8.5 1997: 7.6 1998: 8.7 1999: 7.8 2000: 8.8 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 11.3 1982: 11.7 1983: 11.1 1984: 9.8 1985*b: 10.2 1986: 8.5 1987: 9.1 1988: 11.3 1989: 9.0 1990: 7.5 1991: 9.7 1992: 13.0 1993: 10.9 1994*b: 11.4 1995: 10.7 1996: 10.2 1997: 11.7 1998: 11.8 1999: 9.4 2000: 9.9 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 10.4 1982: 9.4 1983: 9.6 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 9.8 1986: 10.4 1987: 10.2 1988: 10.2 1989: 9.5 1990: 9.6 1991: 10.5 1992: 9.1 1993: 8.3 1994*b: 8.8 1995: 10.5 1996: 11.7 1997: 12.0 1998: 10.8 1999: 9.2 2000: 9.5 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 12.6 1982: 10.9 1983: 10.9 1984: 9.4 1985*b: 11.5 1986: 12.2 1987: 11.9 1988: 9.9 1989: 9.9 1990: 11.2 1991: 13.3 1992: 13.2 1993: 9.9 1994*b: 11.2 1995: 10.7 1996: 12.3 1997: 11.8 1998: 9.6 1999: 11.0 2000: 10.5 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 15.7 1982: 14.6 1983: 15.2 1984: 15.1 1985*b: 14.2 1986: 13.7 1987: 13.7 1988: 14.1 1989: 14.7 1990: 14.1 1991: 13.3 1992: 13.5 1993: 16.3 1994*b: 17.4 1995: 17.6 1996: 14.8 1997: 18.5 1998: 15.6 1999: 15.4 2000: 16.1 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 8.9 1982: 9.1 1983: 8.3 1984: 9.9 1985*b: 10.4 1986: 7.3 1987: 9.0 1988: 8.4 1989: 9.0 1990: 10.3 1991: 10.3 1992: 9.7 1993: 11.2 1994*b: 11.4 1995: 9.2 1996: 9.9 1997: 11.6 1998: 12.4 1999: 12.0 2000: 11.1 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 8.0 1982: 10.5 1983: 10.5 1984: 8.4 1985*b: 9.5 1986: 10.5 1987: 11.8 1988: 10.4 1989: 11.4 1990: 10.8 1991: 8.7 1992: 10.5 1993: 10.0 1994*b: 10.4 1995: 10.0 1996: 10.1 1997: 12.3 1998: 10.3 1999: 11.5 2000: 9.1 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work disabilities fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have work limitations, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A3. Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 without Work Limitations for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1999.*a,*b Location: United States Employment Year 1980: 81.2 1981: 81.2 1982: 79.9 1983: 80.2 1984*c: 81.9 1985: 82.4 1986: 83.1 1987: 83.5 1988: 84.1 1989: 84.2 1990: 84.3 1991: 84.0 1992: 83.7 1993*c: 83.9 1994: 84.4 1995: 84.7 1996: 85.0 1997: 85.4 1998: 85.4 1999: 85.7 Location: Alabama Employment Year 1980: 78.2 1981: 76.7 1982: 75.6 1983: 76.5 1984*c: 78.0 1985: 77.9 1986: 80.7 1987: 79.5 1988: 80.8 1989: 80.1 1990: 78.4 1991: 80.9 1992: 82.6 1993*c: 83.6 1994: 82.8 1995: 83.8 1996: 86.7 1997: 85.3 1998: 86.2 1999: 84.8 Location: Alaska Employment Year 1980: 84.0 1981: 84.3 1982: 84.2 1983: 83.4 1984*c: 86.6 1985: 87.0 1986: 85.0 1987: 84.8 1988: 85.3 1989: 85.3 1990: 85.9 1991: 86.2 1992: 86.9 1993*c: 85.7 1994: 86.6 1995: 86.6 1996: 89.2 1997: 86.9 1998: 86.7 1999: 89.0 Location: Arizona Employment Year 1980: 81.2 1981: 80.4 1982: 82.4 1983: 84.2 1984*c: 81.0 1985: 82.6 1986: 83.4 1987: 82.4 1988: 83.4 1989: 82.7 1990: 84.9 1991: 83.0 1992: 82.9 1993*c: 83.5 1994: 84.0 1995: 83.1 1996: 80.5 1997: 83.1 1998: 82.3 1999: 81.7 Location: Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 81.2 1981: 81.2 1982: 78.5 1983: 79.0 1984*c: 81.4 1985: 81.2 1986: 81.3 1987: 83.5 1988: 83.9 1989: 84.4 1990: 84.0 1991: 85.8 1992: 84.7 1993*c: 84.7 1994: 84.0 1995: 85.7 1996: 86.9 1997: 82.7 1998: 87.0 1999: 84.1 Location: California Employment Year 1980: 81.3 1981: 81.7 1982: 80.4 1983: 79.5 1984*c: 81.9 1985: 81.9 1986: 82.6 1987: 82.6 1988: 83.3 1989: 82.7 1990: 82.3 1991: 80.9 1992: 80.2 1993*c: 79.7 1994: 81.0 1995: 80.2 1996: 80.8 1997: 82.0 1998: 82.2 1999: 82.7 Location: Colorado Employment Year 1980: 84.1 1981: 85.9 1982: 86.4 1983: 86.4 1984*c: 88.3 1985: 85.1 1986: 84.7 1987: 86.6 1988: 86.5 1989: 87.7 1990: 87.4 1991: 86.6 1992: 88.4 1993*c: 89.3 1994: 87.9 1995: 88.2 1996: 87.9 1997: 89.2 1998: 90.5 1999: 87.5 Location: Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 84.6 1981: 82.8 1982: 83.7 1983: 85.8 1984*c: 86.4 1985: 87.3 1986: 87.2 1987: 88.2 1988: 90.1 1989: 89.3 1990: 87.5 1991: 85.8 1992: 86.1 1993*c: 86.9 1994: 83.9 1995: 85.7 1996: 87.2 1997: 87.5 1998: 85.5 1999: 88.0 Location: Delaware Employment Year 1980: 81.0 1981: 83.7 1982: 81.8 1983: 80.6 1984*c: 82.5 1985: 87.5 1986: 87.0 1987: 87.4 1988: 87.7 1989: 87.1 1990: 88.6 1991: 87.6 1992: 88.5 1993*c: 87.3 1994: 89.7 1995: 88.1 1996: 84.2 1997: 90.5 1998: 88.9 1999: 87.4 Location: DC Employment Year 1980: 81.1 1981: 80.6 1982: 79.1 1983: 79.8 1984*c: 82.9 1985: 81.6 1986: 87.8 1987: 90.3 1988: 86.6 1989: 86.7 1990: 82.6 1991: 86.0 1992: 82.5 1993*c: 79.7 1994: 81.8 1995: 81.2 1996: 80.6 1997: 81.1 1998: 85.6 1999: 87.2 Location: Florida Employment Year 1980: 80.4 1981: 78.6 1982: 78.4 1983: 79.6 1984*c: 81.3 1985: 82.2 1986: 83.9 1987: 84.8 1988: 84.1 1989: 83.7 1990: 83.8 1991: 83.6 1992: 83.0 1993*c: 82.6 1994: 83.1 1995: 82.8 1996: 83.8 1997: 84.2 1998: 84.2 1999: 84.1 Location: Georgia Employment Year 1980: 83.4 1981: 83.5 1982: 82.1 1983: 82.2 1984*c: 84.1 1985: 84.9 1986: 87.1 1987: 88.0 1988: 85.3 1989: 85.0 1990: 85.6 1991: 85.1 1992: 84.8 1993*c: 85.0 1994: 84.5 1995: 82.8 1996: 85.1 1997: 85.4 1998: 85.9 1999: 87.3 Location: Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 83.4 1981: 80.3 1982: 81.2 1983: 80.2 1984*c: 82.6 1985: 82.8 1986: 83.1 1987: 82.8 1988: 82.0 1989: 84.1 1990: 85.6 1991: 84.7 1992: 85.4 1993*c: 84.2 1994: 86.2 1995: 83.5 1996: 84.8 1997: 84.2 1998: 85.6 1999: 85.6 Location: Idaho Employment Year 1980: 84.3 1981: 84.3 1982: 82.2 1983: 85.2 1984*c: 83.6 1985: 84.2 1986: 83.8 1987: 85.6 1988: 89.8 1989: 88.6 1990: 89.1 1991: 86.7 1992: 85.8 1993*c: 89.0 1994: 89.9 1995: 88.9 1996: 90.1 1997: 88.3 1998: 88.7 1999: 87.8 Location: Illinois Employment Year 1980: 80.0 1981: 81.9 1982: 80.6 1983: 78.9 1984*c: 80.9 1985: 80.8 1986: 81.3 1987: 81.0 1988: 82.8 1989: 83.3 1990: 85.3 1991: 83.5 1992: 83.5 1993*c: 84.4 1994: 85.7 1995: 86.0 1996: 85.4 1997: 86.7 1998: 87.1 1999: 86.7 Location: Indiana Employment Year 1980: 82.8 1981: 78.7 1982: 81.0 1983: 79.9 1984*c: 83.1 1985: 83.7 1986: 83.4 1987: 84.7 1988: 85.6 1989: 84.7 1990: 86.3 1991: 85.0 1992: 84.9 1993*c: 86.3 1994: 88.4 1995: 89.8 1996: 89.6 1997: 90.3 1998: 87.9 1999: 87.8 Location: Iowa Employment Year 1980: 83.6 1981: 83.2 1982: 83.2 1983: 82.7 1984*c: 82.6 1985: 84.2 1986: 88.2 1987: 88.3 1988: 88.8 1989: 90.4 1990: 89.5 1991: 89.4 1992: 89.9 1993*c: 89.1 1994: 92.6 1995: 91.7 1996: 91.5 1997: 91.6 1998: 91.8 1999: 92.1 Location: Kansas Employment Year 1980: 86.2 1981: 84.1 1982: 86.4 1983: 83.9 1984*c: 86.5 1985: 86.2 1986: 87.3 1987: 87.3 1988: 89.6 1989: 88.9 1990: 87.1 1991: 88.9 1992: 89.1 1993*c: 90.8 1994: 88.6 1995: 88.7 1996: 90.2 1997: 91.2 1998: 90.5 1999: 89.1 Location: Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 79.8 1981: 78.1 1982: 76.9 1983: 78.2 1984*c: 78.7 1985: 79.3 1986: 79.2 1987: 79.4 1988: 80.3 1989: 82.4 1990: 84.8 1991: 81.0 1992: 83.3 1993*c: 82.9 1994: 83.7 1995: 83.2 1996: 84.5 1997: 86.5 1998: 84.9 1999: 85.6 Location: Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 78.2 1981: 79.3 1982: 77.8 1983: 76.0 1984*c: 77.4 1985: 79.7 1986: 78.3 1987: 76.9 1988: 75.8 1989: 75.6 1990: 78.8 1991: 80.2 1992: 77.1 1993*c: 77.7 1994: 77.6 1995: 82.1 1996: 81.1 1997: 82.9 1998: 79.7 1999: 80.7 Location: Maine Employment Year 1980: 82.1 1981: 83.4 1982: 83.8 1983: 83.4 1984*c: 86.5 1985: 87.2 1986: 85.0 1987: 84.6 1988: 86.0 1989: 87.2 1990: 86.9 1991: 87.2 1992: 87.4 1993*c: 86.1 1994: 90.1 1995: 87.7 1996: 89.7 1997: 88.5 1998: 88.1 1999: 88.7 Location: Maryland Employment Year 1980: 81.6 1981: 82.1 1982: 78.1 1983: 82.3 1984*c: 84.7 1985: 84.8 1986: 86.6 1987: 86.4 1988: 87.7 1989: 88.9 1990: 87.1 1991: 87.8 1992: 86.1 1993*c: 86.3 1994: 87.1 1995: 86.9 1996: 86.6 1997: 89.0 1998: 86.7 1999: 89.6 Location: Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 82.4 1981: 83.4 1982: 83.2 1983: 85.4 1984*c: 84.8 1985: 84.7 1986: 85.8 1987: 86.4 1988: 87.3 1989: 88.2 1990: 86.2 1991: 85.1 1992: 86.2 1993*c: 85.9 1994: 85.9 1995: 85.5 1996: 87.4 1997: 87.8 1998: 88.6 1999: 87.3 Location: Michigan Employment Year 1980: 77.9 1981: 78.0 1982: 76.3 1983: 78.4 1984*c: 80.2 1985: 79.8 1986: 82.5 1987: 82.3 1988: 82.5 1989: 82.3 1990: 81.6 1991: 83.5 1992: 83.9 1993*c: 84.0 1994: 84.0 1995: 85.9 1996: 87.3 1997: 86.3 1998: 86.6 1999: 87.6 Location: Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 87.3 1981: 87.3 1982: 85.5 1983: 86.8 1984*c: 87.8 1985: 88.1 1986: 90.1 1987: 91.2 1988: 90.2 1989: 91.2 1990: 91.1 1991: 90.0 1992: 90.2 1993*c: 91.3 1994: 91.4 1995: 91.5 1996: 89.7 1997: 90.8 1998: 90.4 1999: 91.8 Location: Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 78.6 1981: 79.3 1982: 76.4 1983: 77.1 1984*c: 81.2 1985: 79.1 1986: 78.6 1987: 79.7 1988: 80.6 1989: 82.0 1990: 83.3 1991: 81.1 1992: 80.7 1993*c: 81.9 1994: 82.3 1995: 80.3 1996: 79.5 1997: 82.0 1998: 82.2 1999: 86.4 Location: Missouri Employment Year 1980: 83.5 1981: 82.9 1982: 81.1 1983: 81.2 1984*c: 82.8 1985: 86.0 1986: 84.3 1987: 85.1 1988: 85.6 1989: 86.1 1990: 87.7 1991: 88.1 1992: 85.2 1993*c: 85.9 1994: 87.3 1995: 90.2 1996: 90.2 1997: 86.4 1998: 89.6 1999: 89.0 Location: Montana Employment Year 1980: 84.5 1981: 83.7 1982: 82.5 1983: 85.0 1984*c: 85.4 1985: 83.7 1986: 85.3 1987: 83.8 1988: 87.9 1989: 89.2 1990: 86.9 1991: 88.3 1992: 88.3 1993*c: 89.5 1994: 89.3 1995: 87.3 1996: 86.9 1997: 89.4 1998: 89.6 1999: 88.4 Location: Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 85.4 1981: 86.8 1982: 85.7 1983: 83.4 1984*c: 85.0 1985: 86.5 1986: 86.4 1987: 88.2 1988: 88.3 1989: 89.7 1990: 90.2 1991: 87.9 1992: 89.5 1993*c: 90.4 1994: 90.3 1995: 92.9 1996: 89.6 1997: 91.0 1998: 90.6 1999: 92.1 Location: Nevada Employment Year 1980: 86.8 1981: 85.9 1982: 86.7 1983: 83.2 1984*c: 87.6 1985: 83.9 1986: 87.1 1987: 86.2 1988: 88.0 1989: 84.7 1990: 87.2 1991: 87.0 1992: 83.1 1993*c: 87.8 1994: 85.9 1995: 86.2 1996: 85.0 1997: 85.8 1998: 83.9 1999: 84.3 Location: New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 86.5 1981: 86.7 1982: 86.0 1983: 88.6 1984*c: 88.2 1985: 89.0 1986: 92.4 1987: 87.7 1988: 87.4 1989: 89.4 1990: 90.3 1991: 89.5 1992: 87.4 1993*c: 87.3 1994: 88.2 1995: 90.1 1996: 89.9 1997: 90.1 1998: 88.6 1999: 90.2 Location: New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 80.4 1981: 82.3 1982: 80.3 1983: 81.7 1984*c: 82.2 1985: 82.1 1986: 83.9 1987: 84.1 1988: 84.2 1989: 84.8 1990: 84.0 1991: 83.9 1992: 82.2 1993*c: 81.7 1994: 83.2 1995: 84.4 1996: 84.7 1997: 83.5 1998: 84.8 1999: 85.0 Location: New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 76.9 1981: 77.4 1982: 75.6 1983: 75.9 1984*c: 79.0 1985: 80.1 1986: 80.6 1987: 81.6 1988: 79.6 1989: 82.3 1990: 81.0 1991: 82.7 1992: 82.3 1993*c: 83.2 1994: 83.0 1995: 79.7 1996: 81.0 1997: 82.2 1998: 81.3 1999: 84.1 Location: New York Employment Year 1980: 77.3 1981: 78.0 1982: 76.4 1983: 76.1 1984*c: 77.3 1985: 77.9 1986: 79.1 1987: 78.6 1988: 79.4 1989: 80.4 1990: 79.7 1991: 79.3 1992: 79.1 1993*c: 78.5 1994: 78.8 1995: 78.2 1996: 79.0 1997: 80.0 1998: 81.2 1999: 81.7 Location: North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 83.7 1981: 83.3 1982: 80.0 1983: 84.9 1984*c: 84.9 1985: 85.4 1986: 87.3 1987: 87.4 1988: 87.3 1989: 86.8 1990: 86.9 1991: 86.4 1992: 86.0 1993*c: 87.2 1994: 86.4 1995: 88.4 1996: 89.0 1997: 87.4 1998: 86.0 1999: 88.0 Location: North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 83.2 1981: 84.0 1982: 82.0 1983: 83.1 1984*c: 85.8 1985: 85.6 1986: 84.9 1987: 86.4 1988: 88.7 1989: 90.2 1990: 88.7 1991: 87.9 1992: 88.7 1993*c: 90.6 1994: 91.8 1995: 89.9 1996: 91.3 1997: 92.1 1998: 89.5 1999: 91.6 Location: Ohio Employment Year 1980: 81.3 1981: 80.1 1982: 77.3 1983: 77.2 1984*c: 79.9 1985: 81.3 1986: 81.5 1987: 82.7 1988: 83.2 1989: 84.2 1990: 84.8 1991: 84.2 1992: 84.1 1993*c: 84.9 1994: 85.2 1995: 86.4 1996: 86.5 1997: 87.2 1998: 87.0 1999: 87.0 Location: Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 81.9 1981: 83.5 1982: 83.5 1983: 82.6 1984*c: 84.4 1985: 85.4 1986: 84.6 1987: 84.1 1988: 82.3 1989: 84.9 1990: 85.1 1991: 82.6 1992: 82.1 1993*c: 83.0 1994: 81.5 1995: 82.9 1996: 85.5 1997: 84.5 1998: 83.5 1999: 84.9 Location: Oregon Employment Year 1980: 84.4 1981: 82.7 1982: 83.5 1983: 83.0 1984*c: 82.4 1985: 82.6 1986: 83.8 1987: 85.9 1988: 88.7 1989: 83.7 1990: 84.3 1991: 85.9 1992: 88.2 1993*c: 86.4 1994: 85.7 1995: 89.2 1996: 87.1 1997: 87.6 1998: 85.0 1999: 87.6 Location: Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 79.4 1981: 77.4 1982: 74.7 1983: 75.1 1984*c: 77.0 1985: 81.1 1986: 80.1 1987: 80.7 1988: 82.8 1989: 83.0 1990: 82.4 1991: 83.1 1992: 83.0 1993*c: 82.9 1994: 83.9 1995: 84.8 1996: 86.2 1997: 85.6 1998: 86.9 1999: 86.1 Location: Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 86.8 1981: 84.5 1982: 84.0 1983: 84.2 1984*c: 84.6 1985: 86.0 1986: 86.6 1987: 85.6 1988: 86.4 1989: 86.0 1990: 86.8 1991: 85.9 1992: 84.7 1993*c: 85.8 1994: 84.4 1995: 88.4 1996: 88.3 1997: 88.5 1998: 90.1 1999: 89.2 Location: South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 78.4 1981: 82.0 1982: 78.1 1983: 79.3 1984*c: 82.5 1985: 82.4 1986: 82.9 1987: 83.6 1988: 84.5 1989: 86.0 1990: 85.5 1991: 85.6 1992: 84.3 1993*c: 82.4 1994: 84.2 1995: 81.1 1996: 82.9 1997: 87.6 1998: 84.8 1999: 84.6 Location: South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 85.6 1981: 84.1 1982: 84.4 1983: 86.6 1984*c: 87.8 1985: 87.5 1986: 87.4 1987: 90.2 1988: 90.3 1989: 88.6 1990: 90.1 1991: 91.5 1992: 91.3 1993*c: 90.4 1994: 91.5 1995: 93.3 1996: 90.8 1997: 89.5 1998: 92.3 1999: 94.2 Location: Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 80.4 1981: 78.4 1982: 78.7 1983: 78.6 1984*c: 82.3 1985: 83.7 1986: 82.9 1987: 82.8 1988: 83.7 1989: 82.4 1990: 85.3 1991: 83.2 1992: 82.3 1993*c: 84.9 1994: 85.7 1995: 85.0 1996: 86.3 1997: 85.6 1998: 84.5 1999: 87.4 Location: Texas Employment Year 1980: 82.5 1981: 82.6 1982: 81.5 1983: 82.0 1984*c: 84.0 1985: 82.6 1986: 82.7 1987: 83.2 1988: 83.4 1989: 83.7 1990: 83.6 1991: 84.6 1992: 83.6 1993*c: 84.0 1994: 84.2 1995: 84.5 1996: 84.3 1997: 84.5 1998: 84.0 1999: 84.1 Location: Utah Employment Year 1980: 81.5 1981: 81.2 1982: 80.8 1983: 80.0 1984*c: 82.4 1985: 83.3 1986: 84.7 1987: 84.1 1988: 84.3 1989: 84.9 1990: 86.6 1991: 87.5 1992: 87.3 1993*c: 87.3 1994: 87.5 1995: 86.0 1996: 87.9 1997: 86.8 1998: 87.8 1999: 85.7 Location: Vermont Employment Year 1980: 87.4 1981: 86.3 1982: 85.9 1983: 87.1 1984*c: 86.2 1985: 88.7 1986: 88.1 1987: 89.9 1988: 90.7 1989: 90.4 1990: 88.9 1991: 88.8 1992: 89.5 1993*c: 92.8 1994: 90.3 1995: 90.1 1996: 88.6 1997: 91.2 1998: 92.1 1999: 90.3 Location: Virginia Employment Year 1980: 83.7 1981: 83.2 1982: 82.8 1983: 83.4 1984*c: 84.9 1985: 85.1 1986: 85.8 1987: 86.8 1988: 85.3 1989: 86.3 1990: 87.1 1991: 88.2 1992: 88.2 1993*c: 86.6 1994: 89.8 1995: 86.5 1996: 84.7 1997: 85.4 1998: 84.6 1999: 87.2 Location: Washington Employment Year 1980: 80.6 1981: 83.5 1982: 80.2 1983: 81.8 1984*c: 82.6 1985: 83.2 1986: 83.5 1987: 86.0 1988: 86.5 1989: 86.8 1990: 86.0 1991: 84.7 1992: 86.8 1993*c: 87.1 1994: 86.8 1995: 87.9 1996: 86.8 1997: 86.0 1998: 87.0 1999: 86.1 Location: West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 70.9 1981: 72.4 1982: 71.0 1983: 67.0 1984*c: 68.6 1985: 67.7 1986: 69.7 1987: 72.6 1988: 74.2 1989: 75.9 1990: 75.5 1991: 74.2 1992: 73.4 1993*c: 76.3 1994: 77.7 1995: 80.3 1996: 80.3 1997: 79.6 1998: 80.5 1999: 81.7 Location: Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 85.1 1981: 85.0 1982: 84.7 1983: 82.9 1984*c: 84.6 1985: 85.8 1986: 87.1 1987: 86.9 1988: 90.4 1989: 89.1 1990: 91.1 1991: 90.5 1992: 90.9 1993*c: 90.9 1994: 90.5 1995: 92.3 1996: 94.1 1997: 92.7 1998: 90.7 1999: 89.4 Location: Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 86.6 1981: 86.9 1982: 86.1 1983: 83.7 1984*c: 84.6 1985: 86.4 1986: 86.1 1987: 87.0 1988: 86.9 1989: 86.0 1990: 88.7 1991: 88.1 1992: 89.1 1993*c: 87.2 1994: 89.4 1995: 88.3 1996: 87.7 1997: 86.1 1998: 86.9 1999: 88.3 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A4. Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Limitations for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1999.*a,*b Location: United States Employment Year 1980: 34.9 1981: 34.6 1982: 34.1 1983: 33.7 1984*c: 34.6 1985: 35.9 1986: 36.2 1987: 37.4 1988: 37.9 1989: 39.4 1990: 37.1 1991: 37.0 1992: 36.8 1993*c: 34.1 1994: 35.3 1995: 33.6 1996: 35.3 1997: 33.0 1998: 31.4 1999: 33.0 Location: Alabama Employment Year 1980: 28.2 1981: 24.9 1982: 18.4 1983: 23.2 1984*c: 20.8 1985: 30.4 1986: 19.9 1987: 24.3 1988: 27.3 1989: 26.0 1990: 26.4 1991: 22.5 1992: 23.6 1993*c: 25.3 1994: 23.3 1995: 28.9 1996: 26.7 1997: 26.5 1998: 24.4 1999: 21.3 Location: Alaska Employment Year 1980: 47.9 1981: 48.0 1982: 48.6 1983: 53.1 1984*c: 50.2 1985: 60.7 1986: 47.1 1987: 57.5 1988: 53.7 1989: 46.9 1990: 35.4 1991: 48.9 1992: 59.9 1993*c: 66.8 1994: 50.4 1995: 48.7 1996: 48.3 1997: 32.7 1998: 49.4 1999: 59.0 Location: Arizona Employment Year 1980: 37.7 1981: 37.4 1982: 53.4 1983: 39.6 1984*c: 42.1 1985: 37.8 1986: 42.9 1987: 41.3 1988: 30.3 1989: 47.1 1990: 38.8 1991: 45.7 1992: 41.0 1993*c: 47.8 1994: 40.9 1995: 43.0 1996: 41.7 1997: 34.0 1998: 29.2 1999: 37.6 Location: Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 29.8 1981: 29.4 1982: 30.1 1983: 38.8 1984*c: 32.4 1985: 26.3 1986: 33.9 1987: 40.0 1988: 43.2 1989: 38.2 1990: 26.1 1991: 37.0 1992: 29.4 1993*c: 28.4 1994: 25.6 1995: 26.1 1996: 26.3 1997: 26.1 1998: 28.7 1999: 36.1 Location: California Employment Year 1980: 33.2 1981: 37.7 1982: 36.5 1983: 30.6 1984*c: 35.1 1985: 40.3 1986: 34.9 1987: 41.1 1988: 40.7 1989: 38.3 1990: 37.4 1991: 35.6 1992: 37.2 1993*c: 32.9 1994: 38.6 1995: 32.4 1996: 35.3 1997: 36.5 1998: 30.4 1999: 33.7 Location: Colorado Employment Year 1980: 30.0 1981: 46.2 1982: 53.1 1983: 46.5 1984*c: 46.8 1985: 60.5 1986: 51.0 1987: 51.3 1988: 50.9 1989: 41.0 1990: 39.7 1991: 48.1 1992: 47.6 1993*c: 52.3 1994: 50.9 1995: 53.6 1996: 37.7 1997: 46.3 1998: 45.5 1999: 48.4 Location: Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 55.5 1981: 55.6 1982: 39.2 1983: 42.6 1984*c: 53.5 1985: 45.6 1986: 41.0 1987: 50.6 1988: 56.1 1989: 63.5 1990: 45.2 1991: 41.1 1992: 53.9 1993*c: 49.2 1994: 47.6 1995: 29.1 1996: 43.4 1997: 32.1 1998: 32.7 1999: 36.6 Location: Delaware Employment Year 1980: 46.0 1981: 39.3 1982: 32.6 1983: 47.5 1984*c: 30.0 1985: 38.4 1986: 36.5 1987: 36.6 1988: 41.9 1989: 49.9 1990: 39.7 1991: 38.6 1992: 43.7 1993*c: 51.6 1994: 42.5 1995: 28.7 1996: 35.2 1997: 27.1 1998: 35.4 1999: 33.1 Location: DC Employment Year 1980: 26.9 1981: 21.9 1982: 18.6 1983: 23.5 1984*c: 30.7 1985: 24.1 1986: 28.6 1987: 44.5 1988: 27.7 1989: 28.3 1990: 27.2 1991: 27.6 1992: 39.0 1993*c: 38.9 1994: 32.2 1995: 33.4 1996: 33.9 1997: 26.7 1998: 30.9 1999: 34.4 Location: Florida Employment Year 1980: 31.1 1981: 37.8 1982: 32.2 1983: 35.7 1984*c: 30.1 1985: 32.1 1986: 36.5 1987: 44.5 1988: 38.9 1989: 44.0 1990: 38.3 1991: 36.5 1992: 38.2 1993*c: 39.9 1994: 35.3 1995: 28.0 1996: 32.1 1997: 28.9 1998: 33.8 1999: 28.2 Location: Georgia Employment Year 1980: 34.5 1981: 33.7 1982: 33.2 1983: 30.1 1984*c: 49.5 1985: 39.8 1986: 32.9 1987: 36.8 1988: 29.2 1989: 33.9 1990: 29.3 1991: 21.9 1992: 31.1 1993*c: 22.8 1994: 32.0 1995: 26.2 1996: 30.4 1997: 34.7 1998: 32.1 1999: 38.4 Location: Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 26.3 1981: 35.1 1982: 40.6 1983: 36.1 1984*c: 37.9 1985: 32.3 1986: 46.2 1987: 43.9 1988: 42.7 1989: 25.9 1990: 38.5 1991: 38.9 1992: 34.6 1993*c: 34.9 1994: 34.8 1995: 49.6 1996: 41.1 1997: 42.0 1998: 29.9 1999: 38.6 Location: Idaho Employment Year 1980: 42.9 1981: 50.6 1982: 40.8 1983: 49.2 1984*c: 46.0 1985: 52.9 1986: 37.5 1987: 49.1 1988: 45.0 1989: 55.7 1990: 49.7 1991: 57.1 1992: 37.0 1993*c: 48.8 1994: 49.6 1995: 46.0 1996: 40.4 1997: 47.0 1998: 51.0 1999: 42.0 Location: Illinois Employment Year 1980: 36.3 1981: 34.6 1982: 37.1 1983: 34.1 1984*c: 27.4 1985: 29.5 1986: 32.7 1987: 31.4 1988: 31.5 1989: 38.9 1990: 36.0 1991: 34.1 1992: 31.3 1993*c: 30.5 1994: 35.3 1995: 34.7 1996: 30.3 1997: 31.2 1998: 33.4 1999: 39.5 Location: Indiana Employment Year 1980: 40.3 1981: 29.0 1982: 32.0 1983: 35.6 1984*c: 30.4 1985: 32.9 1986: 29.1 1987: 30.2 1988: 40.2 1989: 48.1 1990: 40.2 1991: 35.7 1992: 47.1 1993*c: 32.9 1994: 50.1 1995: 31.5 1996: 37.3 1997: 31.4 1998: 23.9 1999: 25.7 Location: Iowa Employment Year 1980: 38.5 1981: 30.8 1982: 37.8 1983: 35.7 1984*c: 51.5 1985: 45.1 1986: 52.4 1987: 58.1 1988: 61.3 1989: 42.6 1990: 43.3 1991: 49.3 1992: 46.1 1993*c: 47.7 1994: 37.9 1995: 46.7 1996: 58.6 1997: 49.8 1998: 34.3 1999: 42.9 Location: Kansas Employment Year 1980: 49.0 1981: 30.8 1982: 32.0 1983: 49.6 1984*c: 57.2 1985: 47.7 1986: 50.5 1987: 49.5 1988: 51.2 1989: 62.0 1990: 55.5 1991: 46.9 1992: 48.1 1993*c: 45.6 1994: 29.3 1995: 46.7 1996: 41.4 1997: 46.1 1998: 55.3 1999: 43.2 Location: Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 25.1 1981: 29.7 1982: 31.3 1983: 35.8 1984*c: 32.5 1985: 24.7 1986: 29.0 1987: 15.8 1988: 38.3 1989: 41.4 1990: 30.4 1991: 22.8 1992: 25.3 1993*c: 17.7 1994: 28.5 1995: 24.1 1996: 24.4 1997: 20.0 1998: 28.1 1999: 30.5 Location: Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 23.4 1981: 25.1 1982: 24.7 1983: 26.0 1984*c: 41.8 1985: 34.7 1986: 27.1 1987: 24.3 1988: 28.6 1989: 24.9 1990: 29.0 1991: 36.3 1992: 28.8 1993*c: 17.6 1994: 23.9 1995: 28.5 1996: 28.3 1997: 23.1 1998: 17.9 1999: 13.7 Location: Maine Employment Year 1980: 30.4 1981: 28.0 1982: 38.3 1983: 31.2 1984*c: 32.2 1985: 28.8 1986: 51.2 1987: 39.5 1988: 35.4 1989: 42.2 1990: 44.9 1991: 45.4 1992: 35.6 1993*c: 36.4 1994: 33.8 1995: 37.5 1996: 33.5 1997: 41.1 1998: 40.5 1999: 44.3 Location: Maryland Employment Year 1980: 37.1 1981: 34.6 1982: 36.5 1983: 38.9 1984*c: 35.0 1985: 36.6 1986: 41.4 1987: 35.9 1988: 40.5 1989: 31.3 1990: 37.6 1991: 28.0 1992: 45.9 1993*c: 34.1 1994: 43.4 1995: 26.1 1996: 45.2 1997: 45.2 1998: 34.2 1999: 42.1 Location: Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 48.6 1981: 29.0 1982: 29.0 1983: 25.5 1984*c: 37.3 1985: 39.9 1986: 38.6 1987: 45.2 1988: 38.7 1989: 41.2 1990: 40.3 1991: 35.3 1992: 39.1 1993*c: 32.1 1994: 36.1 1995: 27.5 1996: 34.4 1997: 33.3 1998: 27.4 1999: 24.9 Location: Michigan Employment Year 1980: 36.1 1981: 34.7 1982: 35.8 1983: 42.5 1984*c: 32.3 1985: 35.6 1986: 39.8 1987: 35.8 1988: 37.1 1989: 37.1 1990: 36.6 1991: 34.7 1992: 34.1 1993*c: 33.2 1994: 34.8 1995: 40.1 1996: 30.2 1997: 25.0 1998: 29.5 1999: 32.3 Location: Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 58.4 1981: 48.0 1982: 48.0 1983: 55.2 1984*c: 48.9 1985: 57.6 1986: 53.9 1987: 53.7 1988: 66.0 1989: 71.3 1990: 63.9 1991: 67.5 1992: 63.3 1993*c: 63.1 1994: 61.7 1995: 54.2 1996: 52.3 1997: 60.1 1998: 52.8 1999: 56.8 Location: Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 24.0 1981: 21.3 1982: 24.3 1983: 20.0 1984*c: 28.0 1985: 23.0 1986: 27.3 1987: 25.0 1988: 29.1 1989: 35.9 1990: 27.9 1991: 24.7 1992: 31.5 1993*c: 27.8 1994: 27.4 1995: 33.0 1996: 18.7 1997: 19.7 1998: 22.5 1999: 23.3 Location: Missouri Employment Year 1980: 30.6 1981: 26.0 1982: 33.2 1983: 31.9 1984*c: 26.0 1985: 40.7 1986: 46.9 1987: 43.8 1988: 41.9 1989: 44.0 1990: 54.4 1991: 42.0 1992: 37.8 1993*c: 23.2 1994: 38.2 1995: 31.4 1996: 44.3 1997: 46.7 1998: 45.1 1999: 35.3 Location: Montana Employment Year 1980: 58.3 1981: 41.1 1982: 52.1 1983: 41.9 1984*c: 37.9 1985: 49.3 1986: 47.4 1987: 44.3 1988: 41.9 1989: 51.0 1990: 50.0 1991: 49.6 1992: 53.8 1993*c: 41.1 1994: 42.7 1995: 43.4 1996: 48.1 1997: 46.1 1998: 48.9 1999: 44.5 Location: Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 58.3 1981: 46.6 1982: 43.0 1983: 53.0 1984*c: 57.8 1985: 48.3 1986: 48.4 1987: 51.5 1988: 41.9 1989: 40.8 1990: 45.1 1991: 49.0 1992: 51.5 1993*c: 47.0 1994: 40.0 1995: 52.5 1996: 48.0 1997: 43.3 1998: 32.9 1999: 55.8 Location: Nevada Employment Year 1980: 48.8 1981: 40.7 1982: 40.3 1983: 46.0 1984*c: 45.0 1985: 54.2 1986: 49.0 1987: 51.4 1988: 62.7 1989: 46.3 1990: 47.8 1991: 49.5 1992: 49.6 1993*c: 45.7 1994: 35.2 1995: 40.5 1996: 46.4 1997: 43.7 1998: 43.3 1999: 38.8 Location: New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 32.3 1981: 43.4 1982: 31.8 1983: 44.4 1984*c: 40.5 1985: 34.6 1986: 49.0 1987: 67.6 1988: 45.5 1989: 59.0 1990: 43.0 1991: 58.0 1992: 42.8 1993*c: 35.3 1994: 46.3 1995: 45.5 1996: 52.4 1997: 42.1 1998: 45.5 1999: 42.8 Location: New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 28.9 1981: 30.2 1982: 34.5 1983: 32.9 1984*c: 37.3 1985: 37.3 1986: 37.7 1987: 39.2 1988: 40.7 1989: 39.4 1990: 37.1 1991: 41.3 1992: 31.1 1993*c: 36.9 1994: 28.8 1995: 31.4 1996: 33.2 1997: 32.2 1998: 33.7 1999: 32.9 Location: New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 31.3 1981: 38.4 1982: 44.7 1983: 38.4 1984*c: 27.7 1985: 33.7 1986: 39.6 1987: 37.2 1988: 34.9 1989: 34.1 1990: 30.1 1991: 30.1 1992: 28.0 1993*c: 31.0 1994: 32.4 1995: 31.2 1996: 32.0 1997: 31.7 1998: 38.0 1999: 27.3 Location: New York Employment Year 1980: 24.4 1981: 27.5 1982: 27.5 1983: 24.5 1984*c: 26.8 1985: 30.6 1986: 30.1 1987: 35.1 1988: 28.2 1989: 30.8 1990: 32.1 1991: 31.6 1992: 31.9 1993*c: 30.5 1994: 29.8 1995: 31.1 1996: 31.0 1997: 24.7 1998: 25.8 1999: 26.4 Location: North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 31.9 1981: 35.2 1982: 29.8 1983: 35.1 1984*c: 30.2 1985: 33.6 1986: 34.4 1987: 36.0 1988: 33.1 1989: 37.8 1990: 24.6 1991: 34.8 1992: 37.3 1993*c: 35.2 1994: 32.7 1995: 30.6 1996: 31.0 1997: 31.5 1998: 22.0 1999: 29.5 Location: North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 39.5 1981: 54.3 1982: 50.4 1983: 51.0 1984*c: 53.1 1985: 59.8 1986: 59.4 1987: 56.1 1988: 44.7 1989: 57.8 1990: 47.5 1991: 39.6 1992: 44.0 1993*c: 46.6 1994: 55.6 1995: 54.2 1996: 45.4 1997: 48.5 1998: 60.9 1999: 51.1 Location: Ohio Employment Year 1980: 33.4 1981: 35.3 1982: 31.8 1983: 25.3 1984*c: 27.1 1985: 34.6 1986: 32.9 1987: 31.0 1988: 34.8 1989: 36.9 1990: 38.0 1991: 30.7 1992: 31.4 1993*c: 35.5 1994: 29.5 1995: 29.9 1996: 34.6 1997: 32.5 1998: 30.4 1999: 34.6 Location: Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 44.4 1981: 45.5 1982: 35.0 1983: 38.2 1984*c: 36.7 1985: 41.1 1986: 33.0 1987: 37.0 1988: 36.3 1989: 41.4 1990: 37.4 1991: 43.0 1992: 35.9 1993*c: 36.4 1994: 29.4 1995: 37.8 1996: 36.5 1997: 38.0 1998: 36.3 1999: 34.0 Location: Oregon Employment Year 1980: 44.6 1981: 48.9 1982: 46.5 1983: 43.4 1984*c: 37.5 1985: 34.1 1986: 36.9 1987: 49.2 1988: 55.1 1989: 50.1 1990: 54.1 1991: 56.6 1992: 46.0 1993*c: 30.7 1994: 37.0 1995: 54.7 1996: 56.4 1997: 42.3 1998: 40.1 1999: 35.7 Location: Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 33.9 1981: 26.9 1982: 29.7 1983: 26.4 1984*c: 23.7 1985: 28.4 1986: 27.8 1987: 32.5 1988: 33.1 1989: 39.1 1990: 37.8 1991: 39.7 1992: 34.6 1993*c: 31.1 1994: 33.0 1995: 31.3 1996: 30.9 1997: 30.2 1998: 27.1 1999: 29.7 Location: Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 49.4 1981: 32.1 1982: 32.4 1983: 34.7 1984*c: 38.0 1985: 43.1 1986: 48.7 1987: 50.2 1988: 36.3 1989: 40.0 1990: 35.7 1991: 41.7 1992: 40.1 1993*c: 40.5 1994: 34.6 1995: 32.9 1996: 28.5 1997: 24.8 1998: 21.7 1999: 34.7 Location: South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 22.8 1981: 32.0 1982: 29.2 1983: 28.7 1984*c: 34.2 1985: 29.5 1986: 30.4 1987: 25.8 1988: 23.8 1989: 41.0 1990: 25.8 1991: 23.7 1992: 23.4 1993*c: 34.4 1994: 33.5 1995: 21.3 1996: 36.9 1997: 32.9 1998: 22.3 1999: 20.5 Location: South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 53.4 1981: 52.6 1982: 50.5 1983: 43.4 1984*c: 48.6 1985: 57.6 1986: 50.3 1987: 56.9 1988: 49.2 1989: 50.7 1990: 42.3 1991: 52.2 1992: 49.1 1993*c: 57.4 1994: 59.9 1995: 56.2 1996: 54.4 1997: 58.3 1998: 42.9 1999: 45.9 Location: Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 22.9 1981: 29.7 1982: 23.5 1983: 32.0 1984*c: 26.9 1985: 24.9 1986: 28.9 1987: 35.5 1988: 33.9 1989: 22.7 1990: 18.4 1991: 31.2 1992: 34.6 1993*c: 26.3 1994: 26.4 1995: 30.8 1996: 38.8 1997: 28.9 1998: 38.3 1999: 32.0 Location: Texas Employment Year 1980: 41.1 1981: 43.5 1982: 41.0 1983: 42.6 1984*c: 45.0 1985: 38.0 1986: 38.0 1987: 34.9 1988: 43.1 1989: 42.1 1990: 36.2 1991: 37.1 1992: 38.3 1993*c: 37.7 1994: 34.5 1995: 41.2 1996: 36.9 1997: 32.7 1998: 32.4 1999: 31.0 Location: Utah Employment Year 1980: 53.9 1981: 52.2 1982: 43.3 1983: 46.2 1984*c: 48.6 1985: 51.8 1986: 45.2 1987: 37.1 1988: 48.3 1989: 41.3 1990: 55.1 1991: 39.3 1992: 48.1 1993*c: 49.0 1994: 42.9 1995: 62.5 1996: 50.0 1997: 61.3 1998: 51.7 1999: 49.6 Location: Vermont Employment Year 1980: 52.9 1981: 49.2 1982: 44.9 1983: 35.7 1984*c: 52.1 1985: 50.3 1986: 47.4 1987: 45.6 1988: 41.7 1989: 48.9 1990: 49.9 1991: 40.5 1992: 44.3 1993*c: 50.6 1994: 56.6 1995: 50.9 1996: 37.5 1997: 48.9 1998: 34.3 1999: 43.5 Location: Virginia Employment Year 1980: 36.0 1981: 30.7 1982: 35.1 1983: 29.0 1984*c: 26.3 1985: 31.8 1986: 37.2 1987: 32.4 1988: 27.3 1989: 38.4 1990: 40.7 1991: 40.6 1992: 39.8 1993*c: 31.7 1994: 36.9 1995: 28.3 1996: 30.5 1997: 19.8 1998: 20.8 1999: 35.6 Location: Washington Employment Year 1980: 43.3 1981: 49.5 1982: 40.8 1983: 36.2 1984*c: 47.7 1985: 47.4 1986: 52.9 1987: 40.5 1988: 48.4 1989: 45.8 1990: 44.2 1991: 53.5 1992: 54.1 1993*c: 34.4 1994: 50.9 1995: 33.8 1996: 50.0 1997: 42.6 1998: 35.7 1999: 28.4 Location: West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 26.1 1981: 25.4 1982: 16.6 1983: 19.2 1984*c: 23.9 1985: 24.7 1986: 31.9 1987: 18.3 1988: 25.8 1989: 22.8 1990: 31.2 1991: 32.5 1992: 20.1 1993*c: 20.6 1994: 17.2 1995: 18.2 1996: 22.1 1997: 17.3 1998: 13.6 1999: 21.7 Location: Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 44.1 1981: 41.7 1982: 33.3 1983: 42.1 1984*c: 53.2 1985: 42.2 1986: 43.8 1987: 49.8 1988: 57.4 1989: 52.0 1990: 46.7 1991: 54.0 1992: 48.1 1993*c: 51.0 1994: 43.8 1995: 47.0 1996: 46.8 1997: 46.1 1998: 43.2 1999: 55.3 Location: Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 58.1 1981: 56.6 1982: 65.3 1983: 54.3 1984*c: 59.5 1985: 53.1 1986: 47.8 1987: 40.4 1988: 47.8 1989: 63.5 1990: 46.3 1991: 52.4 1992: 48.2 1993*c: 60.2 1994: 47.3 1995: 58.0 1996: 55.3 1997: 40.2 1998: 47.2 1999: 33.2 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A5. Median Household Size-Adjusted Income of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 without Work Limitations for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Income Years 1980 through 1999 (in thousands).*a,*b Group: United States Income Year 1980: 26,018 1981: 25,425 1982: 25,095 1983: 25,460 1984: 26,272 1985: 26,781 1986: 27,738 1987: 28,853 1988: 29,221 1989: 29,306 1990: 28,537 1991: 28,223 1992: 27,998 1993: 27,637 1994: 28,102 1995: 28,304 1996: 28,881 1997: 29,606 1998: 30,524 1999: 32,001 Group: Alabama Income Year 1980: 21,195 1981: 20,286 1982: 21,007 1983: 21,747 1984: 20,934 1985: 20,993 1986: 21,490 1987: 23,070 1988: 21,278 1989: 22,245 1990: 21,202 1991: 22,895 1992: 22,255 1993: 22,871 1994: 24,832 1995: 23,743 1996: 26,363 1997: 26,971 1998: 28,846 1999: 28,975 Group: Alaska Income Year 1980: 34,669 1981: 33,821 1982: 33,091 1983: 32,461 1984: 35,050 1985: 34,098 1986: 32,885 1987: 34,974 1988: 33,068 1989: 35,644 1990: 33,743 1991: 35,196 1992: 35,573 1993: 35,247 1994: 36,069 1995: 34,465 1996: 36,400 1997: 34,383 1998: 35,035 1999: 35,490 Group: Arizona Income Year 1980: 25,470 1981: 26,179 1982: 25,791 1983: 24,020 1984: 24,318 1985: 26,625 1986: 26,086 1987: 28,353 1988: 28,045 1989: 27,392 1990: 27,450 1991: 27,638 1992: 24,681 1993: 25,381 1994: 24,857 1995: 24,786 1996: 24,591 1997: 24,557 1998: 27,796 1999: 27,230 Group: Arkansas Income Year 1980: 19,780 1981: 19,429 1982: 17,858 1983: 17,773 1984: 17,935 1985: 19,950 1986: 19,849 1987: 19,895 1988: 20,125 1989: 21,822 1990: 21,929 1991: 21,541 1992: 22,354 1993: 20,023 1994: 23,332 1995: 23,416 1996: 20,936 1997: 20,362 1998: 23,400 1999: 25,015 Group: California Income Year 1980: 28,618 1981: 27,283 1982: 27,639 1983: 27,790 1984: 28,334 1985: 29,458 1986: 31,160 1987: 31,446 1988: 30,050 1989: 31,310 1990: 30,581 1991: 29,543 1992: 28,787 1993: 27,475 1994: 29,025 1995: 28,928 1996: 29,088 1997: 28,730 1998: 29,698 1999: 31,841 Group: Colorado Income Year 1980: 28,652 1981: 28,500 1982: 28,524 1983: 29,296 1984: 30,365 1985: 30,208 1986: 31,020 1987: 30,581 1988: 29,422 1989: 30,406 1990: 28,926 1991: 29,581 1992: 29,627 1993: 31,378 1994: 31,118 1995: 31,310 1996: 30,273 1997: 32,889 1998: 35,262 1999: 36,141 Group: Connecticut Income Year 1980: 29,696 1981: 29,960 1982: 32,601 1983: 33,827 1984: 33,882 1985: 35,436 1986: 37,344 1987: 36,628 1988: 38,143 1989: 43,644 1990: 37,635 1991: 36,154 1992: 35,702 1993: 36,327 1994: 35,775 1995: 34,864 1996: 36,291 1997: 39,495 1998: 38,075 1999: 42,002 Group: Delaware Income Year 1980: 28,005 1981: 27,466 1982: 29,258 1983: 27,016 1984: 26,715 1985: 27,197 1986: 29,230 1987: 30,867 1988: 33,008 1989: 31,611 1990: 31,122 1991: 30,418 1992: 31,596 1993: 30,157 1994: 31,769 1995: 31,508 1996: 31,174 1997: 32,805 1998: 31,817 1999: 36,770 Group: DC Income Year 1980: 25,179 1981: 24,090 1982: 24,508 1983: 24,959 1984: 24,628 1985: 26,250 1986: 31,281 1987: 34,769 1988: 34,583 1989: 30,528 1990: 26,633 1991: 29,919 1992: 29,596 1993: 27,527 1994: 26,397 1995: 29,053 1996: 33,071 1997: 29,658 1998: 34,484 1999: 36,621 Group: Florida Income Year 1980: 22,409 1981: 22,361 1982: 21,400 1983: 22,220 1984: 23,287 1985: 24,458 1986: 26,026 1987: 27,278 1988: 27,074 1989: 26,319 1990: 25,648 1991: 26,656 1992: 25,661 1993: 24,557 1994: 26,149 1995: 25,513 1996: 25,818 1997: 26,935 1998: 28,991 1999: 29,437 Group: Georgia Income Year 1980: 26,437 1981: 24,095 1982: 22,224 1983: 23,146 1984: 24,683 1985: 25,916 1986: 27,245 1987: 29,079 1988: 29,042 1989: 27,083 1990: 27,321 1991: 26,982 1992: 27,653 1993: 28,314 1994: 25,845 1995: 26,552 1996: 27,199 1997: 30,174 1998: 28,850 1999: 31,027 Group: Hawaii Income Year 1980: 29,439 1981: 27,189 1982: 26,858 1983: 28,089 1984: 29,573 1985: 29,883 1986: 30,339 1987: 34,194 1988: 33,489 1989: 35,650 1990: 37,790 1991: 33,518 1992: 35,967 1993: 33,910 1994: 31,570 1995: 32,473 1996: 32,322 1997: 31,330 1998: 33,825 1999: 34,074 Group: Idaho Income Year 1980: 21,276 1981: 21,534 1982: 20,870 1983: 21,058 1984: 22,244 1985: 20,584 1986: 21,232 1987: 21,962 1988: 23,382 1989: 22,720 1990: 22,013 1991: 22,173 1992: 23,003 1993: 24,886 1994: 25,086 1995: 24,614 1996: 24,855 1997: 25,401 1998: 26,607 1999: 25,768 Group: Illinois Income Year 1980: 28,820 1981: 28,761 1982: 29,252 1983: 27,871 1984: 27,808 1985: 27,433 1986: 29,453 1987: 30,230 1988: 31,082 1989: 31,493 1990: 31,156 1991: 30,487 1992: 29,345 1993: 28,596 1994: 30,933 1995: 32,012 1996: 32,101 1997: 32,357 1998: 33,095 1999: 35,655 Group: Indiana Income Year 1980: 23,909 1981: 22,164 1982: 23,314 1983: 24,088 1984: 25,460 1985: 24,392 1986: 25,975 1987: 24,430 1988: 27,777 1989: 26,761 1990: 26,455 1991: 26,095 1992: 25,561 1993: 26,223 1994: 25,847 1995: 26,135 1996: 28,526 1997: 29,074 1998: 29,255 1999: 31,022 Group: Iowa Income Year 1980: 25,548 1981: 24,107 1982: 24,419 1983: 23,732 1984: 23,852 1985: 22,870 1986: 23,678 1987: 24,569 1988: 25,030 1989: 25,919 1990: 25,522 1991: 25,531 1992: 25,320 1993: 26,322 1994: 28,559 1995: 28,556 1996: 26,568 1997: 27,288 1998: 28,264 1999: 31,834 Group: Kansas Income Year 1980: 27,219 1981: 24,984 1982: 24,647 1983: 25,459 1984: 26,680 1985: 26,360 1986: 25,443 1987: 27,945 1988: 28,935 1989: 28,621 1990: 28,287 1991: 26,927 1992: 27,294 1993: 27,383 1994: 25,587 1995: 26,352 1996: 27,330 1997: 28,831 1998: 29,668 1999: 29,651 Group: Kentucky Income Year 1980: 23,887 1981: 21,756 1982: 22,804 1983: 21,409 1984: 20,013 1985: 20,560 1986: 22,325 1987: 23,605 1988: 23,422 1989: 24,767 1990: 25,202 1991: 24,358 1992: 23,876 1993: 24,280 1994: 24,069 1995: 25,378 1996: 28,726 1997: 29,748 1998: 28,318 1999: 28,397 Group: Louisiana Income Year 1980: 23,336 1981: 23,834 1982: 22,804 1983: 22,915 1984: 21,959 1985: 23,103 1986: 25,028 1987: 25,900 1988: 22,524 1989: 24,077 1990: 23,577 1991: 22,798 1992: 22,698 1993: 22,173 1994: 22,225 1995: 22,246 1996: 23,769 1997: 25,618 1998: 25,724 1999: 25,331 Group: Maine Income Year 1980: 22,734 1981: 21,554 1982: 21,959 1983: 22,188 1984: 24,420 1985: 24,394 1986: 24,734 1987: 25,999 1988: 27,627 1989: 26,910 1990: 27,400 1991: 26,793 1992: 25,382 1993: 24,344 1994: 26,263 1995: 26,675 1996: 28,187 1997: 27,423 1998: 29,074 1999: 30,922 Group: Maryland Income Year 1980: 31,247 1981: 29,873 1982: 29,743 1983: 32,458 1984: 33,186 1985: 32,865 1986: 32,751 1987: 36,560 1988: 36,484 1989: 36,959 1990: 38,833 1991: 33,515 1992: 33,826 1993: 31,641 1994: 31,877 1995: 33,276 1996: 35,256 1997: 35,330 1998: 37,819 1999: 40,000 Group: Massachusetts Income Year 1980: 27,491 1981: 28,705 1982: 28,412 1983: 31,496 1984: 31,565 1985: 32,953 1986: 34,585 1987: 36,265 1988: 37,569 1989: 39,490 1990: 37,082 1991: 34,597 1992: 34,974 1993: 33,897 1994: 35,747 1995: 34,882 1996: 34,294 1997: 36,479 1998: 35,963 1999: 37,663 Group: Michigan Income Year 1980: 27,583 1981: 27,191 1982: 25,598 1983: 25,450 1984: 27,337 1985: 27,989 1986: 29,893 1987: 31,407 1988: 30,830 1989: 30,675 1990: 29,823 1991: 29,949 1992: 29,882 1993: 29,437 1994: 30,068 1995: 32,118 1996: 32,318 1997: 31,670 1998: 32,647 1999: 36,000 Group: Minnesota Income Year 1980: 27,149 1981: 26,204 1982: 25,329 1983: 26,320 1984: 28,344 1985: 27,716 1986: 30,532 1987: 31,085 1988: 28,780 1989: 30,257 1990: 30,538 1991: 29,199 1992: 30,065 1993: 28,926 1994: 30,578 1995: 32,850 1996: 32,352 1997: 34,460 1998: 36,106 1999: 36,962 Group: Mississippi Income Year 1980: 19,759 1981: 20,441 1982: 20,480 1983: 19,088 1984: 18,714 1985: 18,142 1986: 18,890 1987: 20,089 1988: 19,966 1989: 22,778 1990: 18,830 1991: 19,387 1992: 18,880 1993: 20,204 1994: 21,696 1995: 21,524 1996: 20,777 1997: 22,280 1998: 23,684 1999: 26,396 Group: Missouri Income Year 1980: 24,396 1981: 24,090 1982: 23,509 1983: 23,241 1984: 24,617 1985: 24,098 1986: 26,881 1987: 27,084 1988: 27,376 1989: 27,324 1990: 26,441 1991: 27,375 1992: 26,782 1993: 27,495 1994: 26,228 1995: 27,473 1996: 29,054 1997: 29,316 1998: 30,227 1999: 31,622 Group: Montana Income Year 1980: 24,976 1981: 24,039 1982: 20,880 1983: 21,294 1984: 21,964 1985: 23,018 1986: 23,499 1987: 22,461 1988: 23,471 1989: 24,098 1990: 21,854 1991: 22,985 1992: 22,784 1993: 24,183 1994: 24,177 1995: 23,630 1996: 23,998 1997: 23,508 1998: 24,017 1999: 24,777 Group: Nebraska Income Year 1980: 25,559 1981: 23,573 1982: 23,691 1983: 21,989 1984: 23,798 1985: 23,481 1986: 24,597 1987: 25,617 1988: 25,623 1989: 26,997 1990: 25,831 1991: 25,257 1992: 25,021 1993: 25,567 1994: 25,811 1995: 26,852 1996: 27,546 1997: 29,029 1998: 28,436 1999: 31,008 Group: Nevada Income Year 1980: 27,992 1981: 27,130 1982: 27,056 1983: 27,970 1984: 28,339 1985: 25,905 1986: 27,801 1987: 27,628 1988: 28,658 1989: 29,093 1990: 29,029 1991: 29,807 1992: 27,045 1993: 29,311 1994: 28,283 1995: 29,726 1996: 30,001 1997: 29,654 1998: 28,582 1999: 31,068 Group: New Hampshire Income Year 1980: 27,314 1981: 25,798 1982: 26,392 1983: 27,071 1984: 28,226 1985: 28,273 1986: 33,336 1987: 33,382 1988: 36,114 1989: 35,445 1990: 36,418 1991: 33,407 1992: 31,158 1993: 30,709 1994: 30,809 1995: 31,688 1996: 32,250 1997: 34,808 1998: 33,223 1999: 36,799 Group: New Jersey Income Year 1980: 29,239 1981: 30,025 1982: 29,247 1983: 31,304 1984: 33,064 1985: 33,204 1986: 35,739 1987: 36,304 1988: 38,103 1989: 38,025 1990: 37,125 1991: 37,414 1992: 35,364 1993: 34,707 1994: 35,060 1995: 34,807 1996: 35,625 1997: 37,144 1998: 38,001 1999: 39,706 Group: New Mexico Income Year 1980: 21,701 1981: 21,037 1982: 20,353 1983: 20,674 1984: 21,809 1985: 22,148 1986: 20,211 1987: 21,573 1988: 18,851 1989: 22,356 1990: 21,602 1991: 23,695 1992: 23,989 1993: 23,490 1994: 22,554 1995: 20,723 1996: 19,605 1997: 21,961 1998: 23,094 1999: 24,506 Group: New York Income Year 1980: 26,835 1981: 25,371 1982: 25,083 1983: 26,618 1984: 27,190 1985: 27,852 1986: 29,194 1987: 30,761 1988: 31,960 1989: 32,118 1990: 30,704 1991: 30,926 1992: 30,199 1993: 28,492 1994: 29,577 1995: 28,930 1996: 28,906 1997: 30,477 1998: 30,406 1999: 32,827 Group: North Carolina Income Year 1980: 23,647 1981: 21,932 1982: 20,777 1983: 22,937 1984: 23,877 1985: 24,609 1986: 24,911 1987: 25,666 1988: 27,170 1989: 26,954 1990: 26,267 1991: 25,408 1992: 26,585 1993: 25,855 1994: 26,468 1995: 27,807 1996: 28,091 1997: 28,434 1998: 28,868 1999: 31,452 Group: North Dakota Income Year 1980: 23,300 1981: 22,516 1982: 22,984 1983: 22,744 1984: 22,038 1985: 22,747 1986: 23,428 1987: 23,605 1988: 24,371 1989: 24,278 1990: 23,980 1991: 22,673 1992: 23,829 1993: 23,773 1994: 25,135 1995: 24,866 1996: 24,870 1997: 25,851 1998: 26,478 1999: 28,057 Group: Ohio Income Year 1980: 27,161 1981: 26,411 1982: 25,948 1983: 25,345 1984: 26,416 1985: 27,476 1986: 27,714 1987: 28,621 1988: 28,861 1989: 29,775 1990: 28,710 1991: 27,815 1992: 28,117 1993: 27,969 1994: 27,994 1995: 29,797 1996: 30,008 1997: 30,908 1998: 33,490 1999: 31,200 Group: Oklahoma Income Year 1980: 24,200 1981: 25,383 1982: 24,402 1983: 24,550 1984: 25,507 1985: 23,134 1986: 23,059 1987: 25,359 1988: 25,963 1989: 24,247 1990: 23,376 1991: 24,263 1992: 24,450 1993: 22,143 1994: 24,197 1995: 24,591 1996: 23,507 1997: 24,739 1998: 28,163 1999: 26,967 Group: Oregon Income Year 1980: 26,706 1981: 26,048 1982: 26,457 1983: 25,614 1984: 25,196 1985: 25,148 1986: 24,778 1987: 27,173 1988: 28,898 1989: 27,778 1990: 28,265 1991: 26,713 1992: 30,197 1993: 28,097 1994: 26,353 1995: 27,982 1996: 28,314 1997: 28,658 1998: 30,580 1999: 31,324 Group: Pennsylvania Income Year 1980: 26,044 1981: 25,053 1982: 24,371 1983: 24,820 1984: 24,687 1985: 26,831 1986: 26,941 1987: 28,208 1988: 29,086 1989: 29,039 1990: 28,209 1991: 28,086 1992: 28,526 1993: 28,557 1994: 29,316 1995: 28,906 1996: 30,338 1997: 30,527 1998: 31,487 1999: 32,655 Group: Rhode Island Income Year 1980: 25,179 1981: 24,319 1982: 25,144 1983: 24,852 1984: 27,573 1985: 28,192 1986: 30,305 1987: 30,764 1988: 33,367 1989: 32,562 1990: 31,968 1991: 31,139 1992: 29,850 1993: 29,916 1994: 29,696 1995: 29,416 1996: 30,438 1997: 34,192 1998: 36,113 1999: 36,562 Group: South Carolina Income Year 1980: 19,584 1981: 19,746 1982: 17,796 1983: 19,679 1984: 23,867 1985: 23,965 1986: 24,901 1987: 26,381 1988: 27,084 1989: 24,478 1990: 25,801 1991: 25,497 1992: 23,414 1993: 23,179 1994: 27,094 1995: 25,241 1996: 27,626 1997: 26,938 1998: 27,795 1999: 29,373 Group: South Dakota Income Year 1980: 21,181 1981: 19,804 1982: 20,480 1983: 21,608 1984: 21,384 1985: 20,275 1986: 20,988 1987: 22,350 1988: 23,597 1989: 22,966 1990: 22,943 1991: 23,216 1992: 22,505 1993: 22,381 1994: 24,846 1995: 25,668 1996: 24,053 1997: 24,373 1998: 27,084 1999: 28,799 Group: Tennessee Income Year 1980: 22,388 1981: 21,276 1982: 20,772 1983: 21,055 1984: 22,305 1985: 20,833 1986: 21,558 1987: 23,709 1988: 23,864 1989: 23,846 1990: 23,077 1991: 24,874 1992: 23,789 1993: 23,383 1994: 25,422 1995: 24,231 1996: 24,432 1997: 25,099 1998: 27,000 1999: 29,352 Group: Texas Income Year 1980: 25,254 1981: 25,358 1982: 25,194 1983: 25,421 1984: 25,947 1985: 25,451 1986: 26,290 1987: 26,917 1988: 25,145 1989: 25,214 1990: 25,714 1991: 24,183 1992: 25,636 1993: 24,900 1994: 24,968 1995: 25,898 1996: 24,932 1997: 25,490 1998: 27,060 1999: 29,000 Group: Utah Income Year 1980: 24,226 1981: 23,654 1982: 21,959 1983: 20,538 1984: 23,532 1985: 23,907 1986: 23,795 1987: 24,393 1988: 24,395 1989: 26,292 1990: 24,685 1991: 24,629 1992: 26,525 1993: 26,550 1994: 26,739 1995: 24,238 1996: 25,425 1997: 27,016 1998: 28,730 1999: 29,942 Group: Vermont Income Year 1980: 23,743 1981: 22,779 1982: 23,563 1983: 23,102 1984: 25,102 1985: 29,458 1986: 26,795 1987: 29,272 1988: 30,770 1989: 30,140 1990: 30,887 1991: 27,879 1992: 27,111 1993: 27,795 1994: 30,105 1995: 27,487 1996: 27,582 1997: 28,943 1998: 29,884 1999: 30,781 Group: Virginia Income Year 1980: 26,280 1981: 26,296 1982: 27,434 1983: 28,391 1984: 29,257 1985: 30,124 1986: 31,101 1987: 33,148 1988: 35,325 1989: 35,494 1990: 30,690 1991: 29,171 1992: 31,219 1993: 31,507 1994: 31,254 1995: 29,509 1996: 31,475 1997: 34,842 1998: 34,401 1999: 35,873 Group: Washington Income Year 1980: 26,740 1981: 26,708 1982: 26,052 1983: 25,868 1984: 27,839 1985: 28,373 1986: 29,557 1987: 30,949 1988: 33,017 1989: 30,367 1990: 29,475 1991: 31,237 1992: 30,337 1993: 31,489 1994: 29,176 1995: 30,024 1996: 29,383 1997: 33,070 1998: 35,770 1999: 34,630 Group: West Virginia Income Year 1980: 21,042 1981: 19,903 1982: 19,505 1983: 18,623 1984: 19,523 1985: 19,282 1986: 19,560 1987: 20,089 1988: 19,937 1989: 21,555 1990: 22,530 1991: 22,087 1992: 19,969 1993: 20,154 1994: 22,718 1995: 23,642 1996: 22,782 1997: 24,102 1998: 22,609 1999: 23,900 Group: Wisconsin Income Year 1980: 26,843 1981: 26,538 1982: 26,312 1983: 25,368 1984: 25,816 1985: 26,291 1986: 27,742 1987: 27,376 1988: 29,232 1989: 28,938 1990: 29,219 1991: 29,780 1992: 30,218 1993: 29,738 1994: 30,392 1995: 31,230 1996: 32,438 1997: 32,306 1998: 32,621 1999: 34,610 Group: Wyoming Income Year 1980: 27,455 1981: 28,510 1982: 25,919 1983: 25,300 1984: 27,440 1985: 24,593 1986: 25,827 1987: 31,086 1988: 26,207 1989: 27,761 1990: 26,413 1991: 26,077 1992: 24,980 1993: 24,781 1994: 27,139 1995: 26,471 1996: 24,843 1997: 25,566 1998: 26,204 1999: 29,190 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. The unit of the analysis is the individual not the household. Individuals are assumed to receive an equal share of their household's size-adjusted income. Size-adjusted income is household income by dividing income by the square root of household size. The CPS collect income for the year prior to the survey, the "income year". Income is before taxes but after public cash transfers. Negative sources of income are converted to zero. All dollar amounts are in 1998 dollars. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A6. Median Household Size-Adjusted Income of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Limitations for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Income Years 1980 through 1999 (in thousands)*a,*b Group: United States Income Year 1980: 13,963 1981: 13,871 1982: 13,553 1983: 13,655 1984: 13,806 1985: 14,021 1986: 14,342 1987: 15,553 1988: 15,074 1989: 15,509 1990: 15,159 1991: 14,924 1992: 14,549 1993: 13,950 1994: 14,406 1995: 14,759 1996: 14,373 1997: 14,735 1998: 14,849 1999: 16,304 Group: Alabama Income Year 1980: 9,954 1981: 12,512 1982: 9,550 1983: 9,093 1984: 12,296 1985: 10,103 1986: 8,730 1987: 9,298 1988: 10,058 1989: 9,214 1990: 11,693 1991: 12,075 1992: 13,578 1993: 11,429 1994: 11,023 1995: 10,427 1996: 13,951 1997: 13,739 1998: 10,963 1999: 10,253 Group: Alaska Income Year 1980: 20,703 1981: 21,434 1982: 17,878 1983: 21,665 1984: 18,307 1985: 25,228 1986: 14,212 1987: 23,012 1988: 17,543 1989: 26,520 1990: 19,011 1991: 17,261 1992: 23,357 1993: 25,373 1994: 19,634 1995: 20,386 1996: 28,144 1997: 21,356 1998: 17,889 1999: 25,612 Group: Arizona Income Year 1980: 17,171 1981: 14,082 1982: 14,826 1983: 14,215 1984: 14,069 1985: 15,151 1986: 15,919 1987: 17,965 1988: 19,088 1989: 22,303 1990: 17,899 1991: 18,669 1992: 13,574 1993: 16,352 1994: 16,949 1995: 21,504 1996: 18,669 1997: 13,716 1998: 16,225 1999: 18,675 Group: Arkansas Income Year 1980: 12,927 1981: 10,270 1982: 10,721 1983: 10,437 1984: 12,081 1985: 9,427 1986: 11,010 1987: 10,482 1988: 11,644 1989: 12,253 1990: 10,769 1991: 14,027 1992: 10,399 1993: 11,503 1994: 10,640 1995: 12,752 1996: 10,493 1997: 11,735 1998: 11,037 1999: 13,189 Group: California Income Year 1980: 14,548 1981: 14,758 1982: 14,865 1983: 14,558 1984: 16,618 1985: 17,461 1986: 16,599 1987: 19,498 1988: 16,779 1989: 17,847 1990: 17,313 1991: 18,282 1992: 17,428 1993: 14,957 1994: 16,993 1995: 15,241 1996: 15,988 1997: 16,560 1998: 16,137 1999: 18,254 Group: Colorado Income Year 1980: 12,462 1981: 13,919 1982: 14,300 1983: 16,016 1984: 12,862 1985: 18,313 1986: 20,321 1987: 16,689 1988: 14,637 1989: 12,091 1990: 14,401 1991: 14,023 1992: 15,274 1993: 18,748 1994: 14,995 1995: 19,425 1996: 17,354 1997: 15,859 1998: 21,731 1999: 25,751 Group: Connecticut Income Year 1980: 24,923 1981: 20,129 1982: 22,126 1983: 19,417 1984: 21,700 1985: 27,862 1986: 21,833 1987: 23,611 1988: 35,470 1989: 30,235 1990: 20,192 1991: 22,499 1992: 19,966 1993: 16,119 1994: 28,213 1995: 15,129 1996: 23,440 1997: 19,051 1998: 14,231 1999: 18,398 Group: Delaware Income Year 1980: 14,607 1981: 18,004 1982: 13,451 1983: 18,293 1984: 15,885 1985: 12,370 1986: 15,464 1987: 19,055 1988: 16,026 1989: 21,263 1990: 16,971 1991: 21,878 1992: 23,003 1993: 12,692 1994: 15,441 1995: 14,851 1996: 17,924 1997: 16,962 1998: 20,539 1999: 15,005 Group: DC Income Year 1980: 10,439 1981: 10,113 1982: 10,584 1983: 11,692 1984: 10,297 1985: 12,470 1986: 11,214 1987: 14,917 1988: 17,911 1989: 13,262 1990: 13,389 1991: 12,839 1992: 13,489 1993: 11,882 1994: 11,029 1995: 11,843 1996: 9,078 1997: 15,903 1998: 11,999 1999: 13,864 Group: Florida Income Year 1980: 12,352 1981: 12,566 1982: 13,798 1983: 12,730 1984: 12,376 1985: 14,662 1986: 14,872 1987: 17,928 1988: 16,120 1989: 18,740 1990: 16,086 1991: 15,220 1992: 15,026 1993: 14,822 1994: 13,917 1995: 13,896 1996: 13,394 1997: 14,437 1998: 16,419 1999: 16,000 Group: Georgia Income Year 1980: 12,892 1981: 11,107 1982: 10,431 1983: 11,093 1984: 14,155 1985: 14,899 1986: 12,806 1987: 13,776 1988: 15,458 1989: 14,623 1990: 14,223 1991: 11,178 1992: 12,582 1993: 12,141 1994: 13,408 1995: 14,826 1996: 10,641 1997: 13,740 1998: 17,442 1999: 14,606 Group: Hawaii Income Year 1980: 19,407 1981: 12,547 1982: 15,626 1983: 18,161 1984: 18,209 1985: 19,576 1986: 21,859 1987: 16,700 1988: 17,245 1989: 18,733 1990: 22,703 1991: 27,602 1992: 24,410 1993: 20,841 1994: 20,053 1995: 19,368 1996: 15,328 1997: 16,589 1998: 16,511 1999: 24,722 Group: Idaho Income Year 1980: 15,686 1981: 15,645 1982: 13,514 1983: 13,908 1984: 13,120 1985: 16,673 1986: 11,080 1987: 11,719 1988: 16,121 1989: 18,874 1990: 13,423 1991: 14,367 1992: 11,909 1993: 19,701 1994: 19,073 1995: 16,726 1996: 19,995 1997: 16,029 1998: 17,287 1999: 20,008 Group: Illinois Income Year 1980: 17,312 1981: 15,960 1982: 15,223 1983: 13,688 1984: 11,393 1985: 13,227 1986: 17,716 1987: 14,216 1988: 14,474 1989: 16,849 1990: 16,509 1991: 15,399 1992: 12,530 1993: 14,517 1994: 16,772 1995: 13,337 1996: 15,375 1997: 14,461 1998: 14,372 1999: 18,200 Group: Indiana Income Year 1980: 15,866 1981: 13,311 1982: 16,477 1983: 15,097 1984: 13,806 1985: 17,276 1986: 11,892 1987: 12,203 1988: 13,905 1989: 11,310 1990: 13,115 1991: 12,097 1992: 13,708 1993: 12,135 1994: 12,022 1995: 16,553 1996: 18,138 1997: 14,793 1998: 12,497 1999: 14,057 Group: Iowa Income Year 1980: 17,503 1981: 15,420 1982: 15,612 1983: 17,762 1984: 15,852 1985: 13,552 1986: 16,379 1987: 18,794 1988: 16,252 1989: 14,945 1990: 17,272 1991: 14,668 1992: 14,615 1993: 13,930 1994: 14,746 1995: 12,994 1996: 16,300 1997: 15,446 1998: 17,441 1999: 14,974 Group: Kansas Income Year 1980: 17,112 1981: 10,870 1982: 14,457 1983: 19,102 1984: 19,241 1985: 13,774 1986: 15,859 1987: 14,047 1988: 19,335 1989: 19,078 1990: 13,118 1991: 13,283 1992: 15,813 1993: 11,921 1994: 10,027 1995: 14,336 1996: 15,624 1997: 16,905 1998: 16,471 1999: 15,972 Group: Kentucky Income Year 1980: 11,957 1981: 11,287 1982: 10,159 1983: 14,050 1984: 11,388 1985: 9,814 1986: 14,882 1987: 13,785 1988: 11,420 1989: 13,145 1990: 13,365 1991: 9,974 1992: 9,243 1993: 8,065 1994: 10,190 1995: 12,088 1996: 10,142 1997: 10,074 1998: 11,408 1999: 11,286 Group: Louisiana Income Year 1980: 11,879 1981: 10,703 1982: 10,305 1983: 8,581 1984: 12,273 1985: 13,004 1986: 10,535 1987: 8,600 1988: 11,496 1989: 12,782 1990: 12,729 1991: 13,641 1992: 8,237 1993: 10,558 1994: 11,223 1995: 14,284 1996: 10,872 1997: 10,623 1998: 12,725 1999: 13,544 Group: Maine Income Year 1980: 12,533 1981: 10,578 1982: 13,139 1983: 14,150 1984: 16,782 1985: 10,301 1986: 17,337 1987: 17,249 1988: 15,487 1989: 16,108 1990: 17,963 1991: 16,094 1992: 15,941 1993: 10,972 1994: 14,263 1995: 16,808 1996: 14,971 1997: 14,996 1998: 19,648 1999: 19,595 Group: Maryland Income Year 1980: 19,861 1981: 15,149 1982: 13,865 1983: 19,029 1984: 18,513 1985: 17,534 1986: 19,499 1987: 26,403 1988: 16,991 1989: 11,831 1990: 26,219 1991: 14,724 1992: 24,564 1993: 21,046 1994: 17,787 1995: 15,673 1996: 19,693 1997: 22,523 1998: 20,721 1999: 24,769 Group: Massachusetts Income Year 1980: 16,156 1981: 14,686 1982: 16,115 1983: 14,725 1984: 16,473 1985: 19,264 1986: 15,644 1987: 22,735 1988: 18,066 1989: 20,416 1990: 20,449 1991: 18,267 1992: 18,917 1993: 21,834 1994: 18,241 1995: 15,508 1996: 13,503 1997: 14,953 1998: 14,400 1999: 15,146 Group: Michigan Income Year 1980: 15,040 1981: 15,529 1982: 13,974 1983: 14,730 1984: 13,725 1985: 17,032 1986: 18,197 1987: 16,843 1988: 14,379 1989: 17,155 1990: 14,332 1991: 14,708 1992: 13,242 1993: 12,245 1994: 18,743 1995: 16,639 1996: 15,450 1997: 13,762 1998: 11,978 1999: 16,963 Group: Minnesota Income Year 1980: 20,564 1981: 18,843 1982: 13,892 1983: 19,721 1984: 15,456 1985: 16,064 1986: 17,917 1987: 18,162 1988: 21,021 1989: 23,681 1990: 18,311 1991: 18,738 1992: 17,666 1993: 19,142 1994: 15,232 1995: 18,080 1996: 16,312 1997: 18,089 1998: 26,144 1999: 23,262 Group: Mississippi Income Year 1980: 10,950 1981: 9,914 1982: 10,296 1983: 8,882 1984: 9,508 1985: 6,708 1986: 8,947 1987: 10,637 1988: 10,335 1989: 9,874 1990: 9,701 1991: 11,135 1992: 10,499 1993: 9,837 1994: 15,754 1995: 12,852 1996: 10,451 1997: 10,675 1998: 12,449 1999: 12,654 Group: Missouri Income Year 1980: 11,979 1981: 13,672 1982: 11,999 1983: 13,323 1984: 10,565 1985: 15,165 1986: 13,106 1987: 14,226 1988: 13,883 1989: 15,317 1990: 11,678 1991: 14,769 1992: 13,952 1993: 11,202 1994: 13,833 1995: 12,757 1996: 15,776 1997: 15,376 1998: 15,318 1999: 17,912 Group: Montana Income Year 1980: 16,145 1981: 16,893 1982: 13,613 1983: 15,205 1984: 12,559 1985: 12,418 1986: 15,833 1987: 13,603 1988: 14,563 1989: 13,384 1990: 17,104 1991: 17,187 1992: 17,068 1993: 13,211 1994: 13,254 1995: 17,779 1996: 14,904 1997: 14,951 1998: 15,492 1999: 15,762 Group: Nebraska Income Year 1980: 14,730 1981: 17,852 1982: 17,547 1983: 16,792 1984: 16,303 1985: 21,260 1986: 15,893 1987: 12,561 1988: 15,156 1989: 12,152 1990: 12,949 1991: 15,161 1992: 15,291 1993: 14,811 1994: 19,908 1995: 16,794 1996: 12,716 1997: 17,557 1998: 13,183 1999: 21,290 Group: Nevada Income Year 1980: 18,632 1981: 15,862 1982: 19,906 1983: 25,250 1984: 20,258 1985: 18,028 1986: 18,050 1987: 18,702 1988: 19,567 1989: 19,242 1990: 18,037 1991: 18,310 1992: 20,920 1993: 23,384 1994: 14,794 1995: 21,209 1996: 25,991 1997: 18,231 1998: 18,629 1999: 20,722 Group: New Hampshire Income Year 1980: 17,361 1981: 19,988 1982: 15,662 1983: 16,994 1984: 19,805 1985: 19,374 1986: 22,035 1987: 29,019 1988: 22,174 1989: 22,970 1990: 22,488 1991: 22,566 1992: 19,313 1993: 23,754 1994: 17,753 1995: 15,685 1996: 23,771 1997: 19,320 1998: 20,757 1999: 21,247 Group: New Jersey Income Year 1980: 18,048 1981: 17,716 1982: 19,685 1983: 15,822 1984: 20,839 1985: 21,457 1986: 19,533 1987: 20,556 1988: 21,684 1989: 21,361 1990: 21,419 1991: 23,175 1992: 21,855 1993: 21,712 1994: 17,331 1995: 19,746 1996: 20,777 1997: 23,906 1998: 17,943 1999: 18,914 Group: New Mexico Income Year 1980: 11,502 1981: 13,754 1982: 12,697 1983: 9,247 1984: 13,312 1985: 12,710 1986: 14,163 1987: 13,596 1988: 11,295 1989: 11,155 1990: 9,768 1991: 14,497 1992: 11,851 1993: 10,813 1994: 11,484 1995: 13,018 1996: 9,647 1997: 12,625 1998: 14,353 1999: 15,731 Group: New York Income Year 1980: 10,135 1981: 14,055 1982: 12,175 1983: 11,085 1984: 12,048 1985: 12,646 1986: 14,579 1987: 15,795 1988: 16,628 1989: 15,457 1990: 14,512 1991: 15,133 1992: 13,942 1993: 16,352 1994: 12,700 1995: 15,606 1996: 12,596 1997: 14,033 1998: 13,380 1999: 15,485 Group: North Carolina Income Year 1980: 12,033 1981: 12,118 1982: 11,744 1983: 12,029 1984: 13,131 1985: 11,783 1986: 13,797 1987: 13,819 1988: 14,614 1989: 14,782 1990: 12,497 1991: 13,751 1992: 13,624 1993: 12,408 1994: 12,689 1995: 15,672 1996: 16,151 1997: 15,835 1998: 12,683 1999: 15,000 Group: North Dakota Income Year 1980: 15,282 1981: 19,502 1982: 14,054 1983: 13,682 1984: 16,159 1985: 16,928 1986: 19,033 1987: 18,941 1988: 17,523 1989: 18,592 1990: 15,528 1991: 16,680 1992: 18,064 1993: 17,680 1994: 15,593 1995: 13,594 1996: 13,947 1997: 16,176 1998: 16,275 1999: 16,686 Group: Ohio Income Year 1980: 15,234 1981: 13,940 1982: 13,841 1983: 13,617 1984: 13,366 1985: 13,819 1986: 11,169 1987: 17,202 1988: 15,703 1989: 15,691 1990: 15,991 1991: 13,098 1992: 15,277 1993: 13,493 1994: 13,116 1995: 13,790 1996: 13,970 1997: 13,100 1998: 15,000 1999: 17,020 Group: Oklahoma Income Year 1980: 15,531 1981: 13,093 1982: 16,016 1983: 11,224 1984: 12,687 1985: 12,745 1986: 11,130 1987: 11,095 1988: 12,230 1989: 13,293 1990: 12,347 1991: 11,182 1992: 11,726 1993: 12,642 1994: 10,339 1995: 11,505 1996: 12,596 1997: 14,383 1998: 12,200 1999: 12,006 Group: Oregon Income Year 1980: 15,521 1981: 17,976 1982: 17,019 1983: 14,741 1984: 14,231 1985: 12,437 1986: 16,482 1987: 15,588 1988: 17,824 1989: 17,089 1990: 17,990 1991: 21,833 1992: 13,755 1993: 13,401 1994: 13,776 1995: 16,170 1996: 17,303 1997: 19,697 1998: 15,309 1999: 14,036 Group: Pennsylvania Income Year 1980: 12,980 1981: 13,341 1982: 13,845 1983: 13,474 1984: 11,837 1985: 13,232 1986: 14,286 1987: 17,984 1988: 15,619 1989: 17,118 1990: 17,179 1991: 16,251 1992: 15,083 1993: 14,858 1994: 12,978 1995: 13,160 1996: 13,515 1997: 14,269 1998: 14,319 1999: 13,357 Group: Rhode Island Income Year 1980: 19,496 1981: 14,973 1982: 11,817 1983: 13,633 1984: 15,072 1985: 20,559 1986: 22,170 1987: 21,093 1988: 21,677 1989: 18,540 1990: 18,038 1991: 14,540 1992: 15,336 1993: 20,124 1994: 15,787 1995: 15,719 1996: 18,935 1997: 14,521 1998: 12,041 1999: 19,167 Group: South Carolina Income Year 1980: 11,300 1981: 11,718 1982: 9,923 1983: 11,755 1984: 13,232 1985: 13,136 1986: 11,957 1987: 11,405 1988: 10,376 1989: 11,526 1990: 11,974 1991: 10,279 1992: 10,641 1993: 11,698 1994: 13,958 1995: 14,036 1996: 11,389 1997: 13,723 1998: 14,435 1999: 15,500 Group: South Dakota Income Year 1980: 16,149 1981: 13,812 1982: 12,151 1983: 14,291 1984: 18,415 1985: 12,639 1986: 15,004 1987: 17,113 1988: 15,331 1989: 13,995 1990: 13,888 1991: 14,987 1992: 18,132 1993: 18,674 1994: 16,021 1995: 17,429 1996: 13,957 1997: 18,287 1998: 13,311 1999: 17,150 Group: Tennessee Income Year 1980: 12,004 1981: 12,247 1982: 11,203 1983: 9,344 1984: 9,998 1985: 9,752 1986: 9,465 1987: 12,591 1988: 12,233 1989: 10,393 1990: 8,275 1991: 11,297 1992: 11,307 1993: 9,456 1994: 11,940 1995: 13,275 1996: 13,628 1997: 13,209 1998: 13,886 1999: 11,699 Group: Texas Income Year 1980: 13,891 1981: 14,866 1982: 13,043 1983: 16,061 1984: 16,119 1985: 12,123 1986: 12,073 1987: 13,567 1988: 13,542 1989: 13,577 1990: 15,309 1991: 13,703 1992: 13,652 1993: 12,710 1994: 13,571 1995: 12,941 1996: 13,269 1997: 13,568 1998: 16,216 1999: 16,234 Group: Utah Income Year 1980: 16,119 1981: 14,345 1982: 14,380 1983: 14,786 1984: 18,434 1985: 16,017 1986: 16,189 1987: 17,535 1988: 16,671 1989: 17,875 1990: 14,406 1991: 13,511 1992: 19,259 1993: 19,979 1994: 18,290 1995: 18,712 1996: 23,020 1997: 22,610 1998: 25,134 1999: 20,208 Group: Vermont Income Year 1980: 14,142 1981: 18,766 1982: 12,200 1983: 11,246 1984: 19,054 1985: 16,889 1986: 14,233 1987: 16,071 1988: 17,431 1989: 15,989 1990: 15,874 1991: 13,257 1992: 16,308 1993: 12,850 1994: 15,296 1995: 12,785 1996: 20,009 1997: 15,361 1998: 13,432 1999: 18,739 Group: Virginia Income Year 1980: 14,691 1981: 16,736 1982: 15,421 1983: 14,316 1984: 12,758 1985: 12,385 1986: 14,872 1987: 14,534 1988: 13,089 1989: 13,580 1990: 15,053 1991: 17,618 1992: 15,974 1993: 14,756 1994: 18,255 1995: 13,832 1996: 11,079 1997: 10,880 1998: 17,092 1999: 20,506 Group: Washington Income Year 1980: 16,546 1981: 16,235 1982: 15,797 1983: 14,978 1984: 16,640 1985: 18,297 1986: 17,880 1987: 17,625 1988: 21,557 1989: 21,566 1990: 19,492 1991: 19,849 1992: 17,905 1993: 16,855 1994: 17,983 1995: 17,080 1996: 21,400 1997: 20,452 1998: 19,368 1999: 19,414 Group: West Virginia Income Year 1980: 14,356 1981: 12,734 1982: 12,099 1983: 12,275 1984: 11,702 1985: 10,439 1986: 12,734 1987: 9,595 1988: 11,113 1989: 9,840 1990: 11,957 1991: 10,771 1992: 10,744 1993: 10,416 1994: 8,760 1995: 10,833 1996: 9,807 1997: 10,623 1998: 11,721 1999: 11,585 Group: Wisconsin Income Year 1980: 13,030 1981: 18,035 1982: 16,385 1983: 15,508 1984: 15,847 1985: 15,250 1986: 15,456 1987: 16,973 1988: 22,354 1989: 19,573 1990: 16,889 1991: 15,087 1992: 13,600 1993: 14,594 1994: 22,563 1995: 20,389 1996: 15,309 1997: 21,435 1998: 17,568 1999: 22,916 Group: Wyoming Income Year 1980: 23,330 1981: 23,605 1982: 20,971 1983: 16,530 1984: 19,757 1985: 15,995 1986: 13,416 1987: 14,753 1988: 19,105 1989: 20,535 1990: 14,537 1991: 16,388 1992: 18,667 1993: 14,996 1994: 13,203 1995: 13,582 1996: 16,817 1997: 11,943 1998: 16,405 1999: 20,418 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. The unit of the analysis is the individual not the household. Individuals are assumed to receive an equal share of their household's size-adjusted income. Size-adjusted income is household income by dividing income by the square root of household size. The CPS collect income for the year prior to the survey, the "income year". Income is before taxes but after public cash transfers. Negative sources of income are converted to zero. All dollar amounts are in 1998 dollars. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A7. Standard Error of the Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Limitations.*a Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 0.10 1982: 0.11 1983: 0.11 1984: 0.11 1985*b: 0.11 1986: 0.11 1987: 0.10 1988: 0.10 1989: 0.11 1990: 0.10 1991: 0.10 1992: 0.11 1993: 0.11 1994*b: 0.11 1995: 0.11 1996: 0.12 1997: 0.12 1998: 0.11 1999: 0.11 2000: 0.11 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 0.95 1982: 0.87 1983: 0.80 1984: 0.85 1985*b: 1.02 1986: 1.11 1987: 1.07 1988: 1.05 1989: 0.96 1990: 0.99 1991: 0.99 1992: 1.01 1993: 0.93 1994*b: 1.11 1995: 0.95 1996: 1.05 1997: 1.07 1998: 1.04 1999: 1.01 2000: 0.95 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 0.18 1982: 0.24 1983: 0.24 1984: 0.20 1985*b: 0.30 1986: 0.28 1987: 0.32 1988: 0.29 1989: 0.29 1990: 0.70 1991: 0.74 1992: 0.76 1993: 0.70 1994*b: 0.73 1995: 0.73 1996: 0.83 1997: 0.88 1998: 0.93 1999: 0.84 2000: 0.88 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 0.92 1982: 0.93 1983: 0.94 1984: 0.90 1985*b: 1.03 1986: 1.09 1987: 1.12 1988: 0.93 1989: 0.84 1990: 0.92 1991: 0.81 1992: 0.89 1993: 1.00 1994*b: 0.90 1995: 0.85 1996: 0.82 1997: 0.91 1998: 0.82 1999: 0.72 2000: 0.71 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 1.04 1982: 0.96 1983: 0.95 1984: 0.90 1985*b: 0.93 1986: 0.98 1987: 0.97 1988: 0.90 1989: 0.79 1990: 0.96 1991: 0.98 1992: 1.04 1993: 1.06 1994*b: 1.08 1995: 0.94 1996: 1.14 1997: 1.10 1998: 1.11 1999: 1.08 2000: 1.01 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 0.31 1982: 0.38 1983: 0.36 1984: 0.35 1985*b: 0.42 1986: 0.40 1987: 0.39 1988: 0.39 1989: 0.57 1990: 0.33 1991: 0.33 1992: 0.32 1993: 0.34 1994*b: 0.33 1995: 0.33 1996: 0.36 1997: 0.35 1998: 0.36 1999: 0.34 2000: 0.35 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 0.56 1982: 0.73 1983: 0.73 1984: 0.73 1985*b: 1.03 1986: 0.79 1987: 1.07 1988: 1.01 1989: 0.91 1990: 0.94 1991: 0.86 1992: 0.96 1993: 0.96 1994*b: 0.83 1995: 0.81 1996: 0.87 1997: 0.82 1998: 0.84 1999: 0.85 2000: 0.83 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 0.79 1982: 0.77 1983: 0.84 1984: 0.82 1985*b: 0.88 1986: 0.81 1987: 0.72 1988: 0.88 1989: 0.92 1990: 0.70 1991: 0.78 1992: 0.84 1993: 0.94 1994*b: 1.00 1995: 0.86 1996: 0.80 1997: 0.88 1998: 1.03 1999: 1.09 2000: 0.92 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 0.67 1982: 0.47 1983: 0.43 1984: 0.38 1985*b: 0.44 1986: 0.41 1987: 0.42 1988: 0.38 1989: 0.39 1990: 0.93 1991: 0.82 1992: 0.89 1993: 0.94 1994*b: 0.88 1995: 0.90 1996: 0.95 1997: 0.92 1998: 0.89 1999: 0.83 2000: 1.03 Location: District of Columbia Survey Year 1981: 1.00 1982: 0.48 1983: 0.52 1984: 0.56 1985*b: 0.49 1986: 0.46 1987: 0.43 1988: 0.44 1989: 0.39 1990: 1.02 1991: 1.20 1992: 1.03 1993: 1.05 1994*b: 1.04 1995: 1.06 1996: 1.08 1997: 1.07 1998: 0.97 1999: 1.06 2000: 1.04 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 0.53 1982: 0.68 1983: 0.69 1984: 0.69 1985*b: 0.45 1986: 0.44 1987: 0.41 1988: 0.41 1989: 0.37 1990: 0.43 1991: 0.43 1992: 0.46 1993: 0.44 1994*b: 0.46 1995: 0.47 1996: 0.52 1997: 0.52 1998: 0.49 1999: 0.50 2000: 0.46 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 0.83 1982: 0.91 1983: 0.88 1984: 0.84 1985*b: 1.33 1986: 1.31 1987: 1.20 1988: 1.23 1989: 1.07 1990: 0.93 1991: 0.89 1992: 0.95 1993: 0.95 1994*b: 0.91 1995: 0.92 1996: 0.90 1997: 0.79 1998: 0.77 1999: 0.81 2000: 0.82 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 0.64 1982: 0.49 1983: 0.48 1984: 0.48 1985*b: 0.53 1986: 0.51 1987: 0.54 1988: 0.43 1989: 0.36 1990: 0.87 1991: 0.74 1992: 0.84 1993: 0.90 1994*b: 0.92 1995: 0.88 1996: 0.80 1997: 0.93 1998: 0.99 1999: 0.80 2000: 0.85 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 0.55 1982: 0.53 1983: 0.54 1984: 0.57 1985*b: 0.49 1986: 0.51 1987: 0.50 1988: 0.50 1989: 0.45 1990: 0.90 1991: 0.86 1992: 0.93 1993: 0.83 1994*b: 0.71 1995: 0.85 1996: 0.93 1997: 0.87 1998: 0.90 1999: 0.77 2000: 0.80 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 0.45 1982: 0.53 1983: 0.51 1984: 0.54 1985*b: 0.45 1986: 0.42 1987: 0.44 1988: 0.43 1989: 0.40 1990: 0.44 1991: 0.44 1992: 0.41 1993: 0.46 1994*b: 0.47 1995: 0.47 1996: 0.50 1997: 0.52 1998: 0.52 1999: 0.49 2000: 0.48 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 0.64 1982: 0.74 1983: 0.75 1984: 0.74 1985*b: 0.82 1986: 0.83 1987: 0.89 1988: 0.85 1989: 0.96 1990: 0.77 1991: 0.85 1992: 0.91 1993: 0.79 1994*b: 0.82 1995: 1.01 1996: 0.88 1997: 0.87 1998: 0.85 1999: 0.83 2000: 0.88 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 0.84 1982: 0.79 1983: 0.77 1984: 0.72 1985*b: 0.73 1986: 0.80 1987: 0.77 1988: 0.72 1989: 0.63 1990: 0.82 1991: 0.81 1992: 0.79 1993: 0.83 1994*b: 0.83 1995: 0.88 1996: 0.87 1997: 0.82 1998: 0.84 1999: 0.79 2000: 0.76 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 0.80 1982: 0.79 1983: 0.82 1984: 0.76 1985*b: 0.62 1986: 0.69 1987: 0.70 1988: 0.64 1989: 0.56 1990: 0.83 1991: 0.76 1992: 0.72 1993: 0.76 1994*b: 0.86 1995: 0.81 1996: 0.98 1997: 0.95 1998: 0.95 1999: 0.92 2000: 0.85 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 0.95 1982: 1.16 1983: 1.12 1984: 1.07 1985*b: 1.03 1986: 1.11 1987: 1.15 1988: 1.12 1989: 1.03 1990: 0.97 1991: 1.14 1992: 1.10 1993: 1.09 1994*b: 1.09 1995: 1.14 1996: 1.18 1997: 1.02 1998: 1.06 1999: 1.07 2000: 1.04 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 0.88 1982: 0.90 1983: 0.83 1984: 0.79 1985*b: 1.17 1986: 1.30 1987: 1.27 1988: 1.26 1989: 1.18 1990: 1.06 1991: 0.98 1992: 0.92 1993: 1.04 1994*b: 1.22 1995: 1.01 1996: 1.00 1997: 0.97 1998: 0.92 1999: 0.96 2000: 0.98 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 0.73 1982: 0.54 1983: 0.58 1984: 0.59 1985*b: 0.60 1986: 0.63 1987: 0.60 1988: 0.65 1989: 0.52 1990: 0.94 1991: 0.90 1992: 0.95 1993: 1.05 1994*b: 0.99 1995: 1.12 1996: 1.05 1997: 1.08 1998: 1.17 1999: 1.13 2000: 1.01 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 0.80 1982: 0.76 1983: 0.75 1984: 0.77 1985*b: 0.88 1986: 0.77 1987: 0.77 1988: 0.70 1989: 1.01 1990: 0.87 1991: 0.79 1992: 0.83 1993: 0.78 1994*b: 0.99 1995: 0.85 1996: 0.93 1997: 0.89 1998: 0.84 1999: 0.87 2000: 0.90 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 0.50 1982: 0.55 1983: 0.50 1984: 0.54 1985*b: 0.31 1986: 0.33 1987: 0.29 1988: 0.30 1989: 0.29 1990: 0.45 1991: 0.49 1992: 0.46 1993: 0.44 1994*b: 0.44 1995: 0.47 1996: 0.68 1997: 0.67 1998: 0.69 1999: 0.62 2000: 0.63 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 0.57 1982: 0.65 1983: 0.65 1984: 0.68 1985*b: 0.48 1986: 0.47 1987: 0.46 1988: 0.43 1989: 0.40 1990: 0.52 1991: 0.50 1992: 0.50 1993: 0.49 1994*b: 0.50 1995: 0.50 1996: 0.60 1997: 0.60 1998: 0.59 1999: 0.58 2000: 0.59 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 0.78 1982: 0.80 1983: 0.87 1984: 0.87 1985*b: 1.08 1986: 1.05 1987: 1.12 1988: 1.06 1989: 0.85 1990: 0.86 1991: 0.88 1992: 0.98 1993: 0.88 1994*b: 0.94 1995: 0.82 1996: 0.75 1997: 0.83 1998: 0.81 1999: 0.76 2000: 0.82 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 0.94 1982: 0.86 1983: 0.83 1984: 0.85 1985*b: 0.95 1986: 0.82 1987: 0.83 1988: 0.86 1989: 0.81 1990: 0.99 1991: 1.03 1992: 1.02 1993: 0.97 1994*b: 0.98 1995: 0.92 1996: 1.04 1997: 0.98 1998: 1.00 1999: 0.96 2000: 1.02 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 0.72 1982: 0.88 1983: 0.85 1984: 0.83 1985*b: 0.96 1986: 0.96 1987: 0.94 1988: 0.92 1989: 1.12 1990: 0.89 1991: 0.94 1992: 0.85 1993: 0.96 1994*b: 0.94 1995: 1.02 1996: 0.85 1997: 1.04 1998: 0.99 1999: 0.92 2000: 0.81 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 0.48 1982: 0.41 1983: 0.50 1984: 0.50 1985*b: 0.42 1986: 0.48 1987: 0.48 1988: 0.50 1989: 0.45 1990: 0.94 1991: 0.90 1992: 0.96 1993: 0.91 1994*b: 0.91 1995: 0.94 1996: 0.98 1997: 0.98 1998: 0.97 1999: 0.97 2000: 0.90 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 0.86 1982: 0.58 1983: 0.60 1984: 0.60 1985*b: 0.48 1986: 0.44 1987: 0.51 1988: 0.51 1989: 0.43 1990: 0.72 1991: 0.82 1992: 0.75 1993: 0.74 1994*b: 0.76 1995: 0.68 1996: 0.87 1997: 0.88 1998: 0.90 1999: 0.84 2000: 0.94 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 0.50 1982: 0.46 1983: 0.47 1984: 0.48 1985*b: 0.61 1986: 0.59 1987: 0.56 1988: 0.62 1989: 0.51 1990: 0.76 1991: 0.80 1992: 0.88 1993: 0.80 1994*b: 0.86 1995: 0.81 1996: 0.96 1997: 0.82 1998: 0.86 1999: 0.80 2000: 0.88 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 0.60 1982: 0.61 1983: 0.58 1984: 0.55 1985*b: 0.59 1986: 0.52 1987: 0.62 1988: 0.51 1989: 0.51 1990: 0.89 1991: 0.89 1992: 0.94 1993: 0.98 1994*b: 0.99 1995: 0.96 1996: 1.04 1997: 1.14 1998: 1.03 1999: 0.99 2000: 1.12 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 0.50 1982: 0.62 1983: 0.61 1984: 0.56 1985*b: 0.34 1986: 0.34 1987: 0.35 1988: 0.31 1989: 0.26 1990: 0.36 1991: 0.35 1992: 0.37 1993: 0.39 1994*b: 0.41 1995: 0.41 1996: 0.51 1997: 0.56 1998: 0.51 1999: 0.51 2000: 0.51 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 0.60 1982: 0.73 1983: 0.62 1984: 0.61 1985*b: 0.58 1986: 0.52 1987: 0.58 1988: 0.54 1989: 0.51 1990: 0.94 1991: 0.92 1992: 0.87 1993: 1.00 1994*b: 1.03 1995: 0.91 1996: 1.01 1997: 0.98 1998: 0.94 1999: 0.91 2000: 0.93 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 0.38 1982: 0.42 1983: 0.39 1984: 0.40 1985*b: 0.32 1986: 0.32 1987: 0.30 1988: 0.30 1989: 0.44 1990: 0.32 1991: 0.34 1992: 0.33 1993: 0.34 1994*b: 0.35 1995: 0.36 1996: 0.40 1997: 0.41 1998: 0.41 1999: 0.43 2000: 0.43 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 0.78 1982: 0.93 1983: 0.87 1984: 0.84 1985*b: 0.37 1986: 0.36 1987: 0.33 1988: 0.34 1989: 0.30 1990: 0.46 1991: 0.45 1992: 0.46 1993: 0.46 1994*b: 0.49 1995: 0.48 1996: 0.69 1997: 0.66 1998: 0.70 1999: 0.68 2000: 0.67 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 0.41 1982: 0.44 1983: 0.37 1984: 0.40 1985*b: 0.33 1986: 0.32 1987: 0.32 1988: 0.35 1989: 0.31 1990: 0.84 1991: 0.84 1992: 0.76 1993: 0.72 1994*b: 0.77 1995: 0.81 1996: 0.75 1997: 0.84 1998: 0.89 1999: 0.83 2000: 0.92 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 0.51 1982: 0.57 1983: 0.56 1984: 0.60 1985*b: 0.47 1986: 0.44 1987: 0.42 1988: 0.41 1989: 0.39 1990: 0.46 1991: 0.46 1992: 0.47 1993: 0.46 1994*b: 0.47 1995: 0.47 1996: 0.60 1997: 0.58 1998: 0.57 1999: 0.61 2000: 0.59 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 1.02 1982: 0.86 1983: 0.86 1984: 0.80 1985*b: 0.81 1986: 0.88 1987: 0.86 1988: 0.81 1989: 0.92 1990: 0.94 1991: 0.96 1992: 0.97 1993: 0.89 1994*b: 1.00 1995: 0.94 1996: 0.91 1997: 0.94 1998: 1.00 1999: 1.00 2000: 0.98 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 1.16 1982: 0.96 1983: 0.92 1984: 0.95 1985*b: 1.00 1986: 1.00 1987: 1.00 1988: 1.11 1989: 0.99 1990: 0.98 1991: 1.04 1992: 1.07 1993: 1.02 1994*b: 0.92 1995: 0.96 1996: 1.02 1997: 0.99 1998: 0.92 1999: 0.88 2000: 0.87 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 0.51 1982: 0.53 1983: 0.51 1984: 0.56 1985*b: 0.48 1986: 0.47 1987: 0.48 1988: 0.45 1989: 0.39 1990: 0.43 1991: 0.45 1992: 0.48 1993: 0.49 1994*b: 0.48 1995: 0.49 1996: 0.56 1997: 0.57 1998: 0.55 1999: 0.53 2000: 0.53 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 1.01 1982: 0.63 1983: 0.68 1984: 0.66 1985*b: 0.67 1986: 0.63 1987: 0.57 1988: 0.61 1989: 0.57 1990: 1.02 1991: 0.98 1992: 0.97 1993: 1.04 1994*b: 0.98 1995: 1.05 1996: 1.23 1997: 1.17 1998: 1.11 1999: 1.01 2000: 1.23 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 0.93 1982: 0.81 1983: 0.85 1984: 0.84 1985*b: 0.81 1986: 0.81 1987: 0.82 1988: 0.69 1989: 0.67 1990: 0.91 1991: 0.85 1992: 0.89 1993: 0.85 1994*b: 0.85 1995: 0.91 1996: 1.04 1997: 0.97 1998: 1.00 1999: 1.05 2000: 0.95 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 0.39 1982: 0.39 1983: 0.41 1984: 0.36 1985*b: 0.30 1986: 0.35 1987: 0.30 1988: 0.30 1989: 0.27 1990: 0.80 1991: 0.84 1992: 0.86 1993: 0.90 1994*b: 0.81 1995: 0.80 1996: 0.95 1997: 0.87 1998: 0.84 1999: 0.85 2000: 0.87 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 0.80 1982: 0.98 1983: 1.07 1984: 1.04 1985*b: 1.17 1986: 1.25 1987: 1.25 1988: 1.14 1989: 1.06 1990: 0.96 1991: 0.84 1992: 1.00 1993: 1.04 1994*b: 1.04 1995: 0.98 1996: 1.02 1997: 1.19 1998: 1.05 1999: 0.93 2000: 1.01 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 0.45 1982: 0.52 1983: 0.50 1984: 0.52 1985*b: 0.51 1986: 0.51 1987: 0.53 1988: 0.53 1989: 0.47 1990: 0.45 1991: 0.43 1992: 0.45 1993: 0.42 1994*b: 0.44 1995: 0.43 1996: 0.46 1997: 0.43 1998: 0.45 1999: 0.43 2000: 0.43 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 0.47 1982: 0.57 1983: 0.59 1984: 0.54 1985*b: 0.61 1986: 0.60 1987: 0.51 1988: 0.52 1989: 0.53 1990: 0.87 1991: 0.77 1992: 0.82 1993: 0.75 1994*b: 0.81 1995: 0.77 1996: 0.80 1997: 0.73 1998: 0.76 1999: 0.72 2000: 0.80 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 0.55 1982: 0.43 1983: 0.43 1984: 0.42 1985*b: 0.42 1986: 0.39 1987: 0.44 1988: 0.46 1989: 0.35 1990: 0.83 1991: 0.96 1992: 1.05 1993: 1.01 1994*b: 1.05 1995: 0.97 1996: 0.93 1997: 1.08 1998: 1.09 1999: 0.98 2000: 1.03 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 0.86 1982: 1.10 1983: 1.07 1984: 0.94 1985*b: 0.99 1986: 1.00 1987: 0.97 1988: 0.95 1989: 0.85 1990: 0.79 1991: 0.76 1992: 0.74 1993: 0.69 1994*b: 0.67 1995: 0.75 1996: 0.98 1997: 0.92 1998: 0.89 1999: 0.81 2000: 0.83 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 0.92 1982: 1.03 1983: 1.04 1984: 1.00 1985*b: 1.21 1986: 1.26 1987: 1.22 1988: 1.07 1989: 0.92 1990: 0.88 1991: 1.00 1992: 0.95 1993: 0.82 1994*b: 0.86 1995: 0.91 1996: 1.01 1997: 0.98 1998: 0.89 1999: 0.93 2000: 0.91 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 1.03 1982: 0.80 1983: 0.82 1984: 0.79 1985*b: 0.80 1986: 0.79 1987: 0.79 1988: 0.81 1989: 0.75 1990: 1.06 1991: 1.00 1992: 1.05 1993: 1.14 1994*b: 1.19 1995: 1.18 1996: 1.05 1997: 1.17 1998: 1.08 1999: 1.07 2000: 1.07 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 0.73 1982: 1.01 1983: 0.97 1984: 1.00 1985*b: 0.97 1986: 0.81 1987: 0.85 1988: 0.78 1989: 0.78 1990: 0.85 1991: 0.80 1992: 0.77 1993: 0.86 1994*b: 0.86 1995: 0.76 1996: 0.83 1997: 0.91 1998: 0.92 1999: 0.88 2000: 0.89 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 0.30 1982: 0.38 1983: 0.39 1984: 0.36 1985*b: 0.41 1986: 0.45 1987: 0.46 1988: 0.45 1989: 0.44 1990: 1.06 1991: 0.94 1992: 1.11 1993: 1.03 1994*b: 1.04 1995: 0.96 1996: 0.93 1997: 0.98 1998: 0.88 1999: 0.92 2000: 0.92 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A8. Standard Error of the Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Disabilities.*a Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 0.12 1982: 0.13 1983: 0.12 1984: 0.12 1985*b: 0.12 1986: 0.12 1987: 0.12 1988: 0.12 1989: 0.13 1990: 0.12 1991: 0.12 1992: 0.12 1993: 0.12 1994*b: 0.12 1995: 0.12 1996: 0.13 1997: 0.13 1998: 0.13 1999: 0.13 2000: 0.13 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 1.07 1982: 0.98 1983: 0.89 1984: 0.96 1985*b: 1.19 1986: 1.20 1987: 1.20 1988: 1.23 1989: 1.13 1990: 1.13 1991: 1.15 1992: 1.10 1993: 1.06 1994*b: 1.24 1995: 1.07 1996: 1.18 1997: 1.15 1998: 1.15 1999: 1.07 2000: 1.06 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 0.22 1982: 0.31 1983: 0.29 1984: 0.26 1985*b: 0.37 1986: 0.34 1987: 0.37 1988: 0.35 1989: 0.35 1990: 0.84 1991: 0.95 1992: 0.94 1993: 0.92 1994*b: 0.89 1995: 0.85 1996: 1.02 1997: 1.02 1998: 1.13 1999: 1.02 2000: 1.04 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 1.07 1982: 1.09 1983: 1.05 1984: 0.99 1985*b: 1.17 1986: 1.25 1987: 1.21 1988: 1.12 1989: 0.94 1990: 1.04 1991: 0.97 1992: 1.01 1993: 1.14 1994*b: 1.03 1995: 1.00 1996: 0.99 1997: 1.04 1998: 1.01 1999: 0.88 2000: 0.83 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 1.15 1982: 1.06 1983: 1.05 1984: 1.03 1985*b: 1.01 1986: 1.05 1987: 1.07 1988: 1.01 1989: 0.87 1990: 1.07 1991: 1.12 1992: 1.17 1993: 1.18 1994*b: 1.22 1995: 1.06 1996: 1.26 1997: 1.24 1998: 1.27 1999: 1.17 2000: 1.11 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 0.38 1982: 0.46 1983: 0.43 1984: 0.41 1985*b: 0.48 1986: 0.48 1987: 0.45 1988: 0.46 1989: 0.68 1990: 0.40 1991: 0.40 1992: 0.39 1993: 0.40 1994*b: 0.40 1995: 0.39 1996: 0.43 1997: 0.42 1998: 0.43 1999: 0.41 2000: 0.40 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 0.72 1982: 0.85 1983: 0.84 1984: 0.87 1985*b: 1.18 1986: 0.99 1987: 1.22 1988: 1.12 1989: 1.09 1990: 1.11 1991: 1.05 1992: 1.13 1993: 1.12 1994*b: 1.01 1995: 0.94 1996: 0.99 1997: 0.95 1998: 0.98 1999: 0.96 2000: 0.96 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 0.89 1982: 0.93 1983: 0.95 1984: 0.93 1985*b: 1.05 1986: 0.95 1987: 0.93 1988: 1.01 1989: 1.10 1990: 0.89 1991: 1.04 1992: 1.02 1993: 1.12 1994*b: 1.12 1995: 1.02 1996: 1.01 1997: 1.10 1998: 1.12 1999: 1.21 2000: 1.11 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 0.77 1982: 0.53 1983: 0.51 1984: 0.44 1985*b: 0.52 1986: 0.50 1987: 0.51 1988: 0.42 1989: 0.46 1990: 1.13 1991: 1.00 1992: 1.03 1993: 1.04 1994*b: 1.03 1995: 1.10 1996: 1.12 1997: 1.14 1998: 1.10 1999: 1.06 2000: 1.16 Location: District of Columbia Survey Year 1981: 1.16 1982: 0.58 1983: 0.57 1984: 0.65 1985*b: 0.57 1986: 0.56 1987: 0.47 1988: 0.52 1989: 0.46 1990: 1.13 1991: 1.32 1992: 1.14 1993: 1.23 1994*b: 1.21 1995: 1.20 1996: 1.23 1997: 1.28 1998: 1.16 1999: 1.28 2000: 1.15 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 0.62 1982: 0.78 1983: 0.78 1984: 0.78 1985*b: 0.51 1986: 0.50 1987: 0.47 1988: 0.48 1989: 0.43 1990: 0.50 1991: 0.51 1992: 0.53 1993: 0.51 1994*b: 0.53 1995: 0.54 1996: 0.60 1997: 0.60 1998: 0.56 1999: 0.56 2000: 0.52 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 0.93 1982: 1.04 1983: 1.01 1984: 0.95 1985*b: 1.44 1986: 1.44 1987: 1.33 1988: 1.40 1989: 1.22 1990: 1.02 1991: 1.03 1992: 1.13 1993: 1.08 1994*b: 1.00 1995: 1.02 1996: 1.03 1997: 0.92 1998: 0.88 1999: 0.93 2000: 0.91 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 0.76 1982: 0.59 1983: 0.59 1984: 0.58 1985*b: 0.60 1986: 0.61 1987: 0.63 1988: 0.51 1989: 0.51 1990: 1.07 1991: 0.94 1992: 1.08 1993: 1.07 1994*b: 1.10 1995: 1.04 1996: 1.06 1997: 1.11 1998: 1.15 1999: 0.93 2000: 1.00 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 0.63 1982: 0.60 1983: 0.65 1984: 0.66 1985*b: 0.58 1986: 0.57 1987: 0.56 1988: 0.55 1989: 0.53 1990: 1.02 1991: 0.99 1992: 1.09 1993: 0.95 1994*b: 0.91 1995: 0.98 1996: 1.13 1997: 1.02 1998: 1.03 1999: 0.90 2000: 0.95 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 0.52 1982: 0.61 1983: 0.60 1984: 0.61 1985*b: 0.50 1986: 0.50 1987: 0.50 1988: 0.50 1989: 0.47 1990: 0.53 1991: 0.50 1992: 0.49 1993: 0.53 1994*b: 0.53 1995: 0.54 1996: 0.59 1997: 0.60 1998: 0.58 1999: 0.56 2000: 0.54 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 0.78 1982: 0.85 1983: 0.87 1984: 0.84 1985*b: 0.94 1986: 0.96 1987: 0.98 1988: 1.01 1989: 1.09 1990: 0.94 1991: 1.01 1992: 1.05 1993: 0.98 1994*b: 1.03 1995: 1.16 1996: 1.04 1997: 1.04 1998: 0.95 1999: 1.00 2000: 0.96 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 1.00 1982: 0.89 1983: 0.86 1984: 0.84 1985*b: 0.85 1986: 0.89 1987: 0.87 1988: 0.86 1989: 0.74 1990: 0.93 1991: 1.00 1992: 0.98 1993: 0.92 1994*b: 0.95 1995: 0.98 1996: 0.99 1997: 0.95 1998: 1.01 1999: 0.93 2000: 0.89 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 0.88 1982: 0.92 1983: 0.96 1984: 0.95 1985*b: 0.73 1986: 0.79 1987: 0.81 1988: 0.77 1989: 0.67 1990: 0.95 1991: 0.94 1992: 0.82 1993: 0.92 1994*b: 0.96 1995: 0.97 1996: 1.20 1997: 1.14 1998: 1.09 1999: 1.03 2000: 0.97 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 1.09 1982: 1.36 1983: 1.27 1984: 1.21 1985*b: 1.15 1986: 1.24 1987: 1.26 1988: 1.26 1989: 1.16 1990: 1.13 1991: 1.25 1992: 1.21 1993: 1.21 1994*b: 1.21 1995: 1.23 1996: 1.26 1997: 1.18 1998: 1.16 1999: 1.17 2000: 1.15 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 0.99 1982: 1.00 1983: 0.96 1984: 0.95 1985*b: 1.31 1986: 1.39 1987: 1.39 1988: 1.42 1989: 1.33 1990: 1.20 1991: 1.14 1992: 1.07 1993: 1.15 1994*b: 1.33 1995: 1.19 1996: 1.15 1997: 1.13 1998: 1.04 1999: 1.10 2000: 1.10 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 0.85 1982: 0.68 1983: 0.70 1984: 0.69 1985*b: 0.68 1986: 0.71 1987: 0.70 1988: 0.74 1989: 0.61 1990: 1.12 1991: 1.06 1992: 1.12 1993: 1.17 1994*b: 1.12 1995: 1.28 1996: 1.18 1997: 1.25 1998: 1.35 1999: 1.27 2000: 1.16 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 0.91 1982: 0.87 1983: 0.88 1984: 0.89 1985*b: 0.99 1986: 0.90 1987: 0.93 1988: 0.88 1989: 1.17 1990: 0.96 1991: 0.98 1992: 0.95 1993: 0.91 1994*b: 1.13 1995: 0.96 1996: 1.06 1997: 1.04 1998: 0.98 1999: 1.04 2000: 1.00 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 0.63 1982: 0.66 1983: 0.61 1984: 0.66 1985*b: 0.37 1986: 0.40 1987: 0.35 1988: 0.37 1989: 0.35 1990: 0.53 1991: 0.57 1992: 0.54 1993: 0.52 1994*b: 0.53 1995: 0.55 1996: 0.78 1997: 0.81 1998: 0.77 1999: 0.72 2000: 0.73 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 0.65 1982: 0.74 1983: 0.74 1984: 0.75 1985*b: 0.53 1986: 0.53 1987: 0.53 1988: 0.51 1989: 0.47 1990: 0.59 1991: 0.59 1992: 0.58 1993: 0.56 1994*b: 0.58 1995: 0.58 1996: 0.68 1997: 0.67 1998: 0.67 1999: 0.66 2000: 0.66 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 0.92 1982: 0.96 1983: 1.03 1984: 0.99 1985*b: 1.17 1986: 1.23 1987: 1.26 1988: 1.17 1989: 0.99 1990: 0.99 1991: 1.02 1992: 1.10 1993: 0.99 1994*b: 1.10 1995: 0.99 1996: 0.91 1997: 0.99 1998: 0.99 1999: 0.93 2000: 0.93 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 1.08 1982: 0.96 1983: 0.95 1984: 0.95 1985*b: 1.04 1986: 0.93 1987: 0.92 1988: 0.97 1989: 0.92 1990: 1.10 1991: 1.17 1992: 1.16 1993: 1.11 1994*b: 1.14 1995: 1.14 1996: 1.27 1997: 1.12 1998: 1.14 1999: 1.13 2000: 1.12 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 0.83 1982: 1.02 1983: 1.01 1984: 0.92 1985*b: 1.07 1986: 1.04 1987: 1.05 1988: 1.08 1989: 1.26 1990: 1.04 1991: 1.07 1992: 0.97 1993: 1.09 1994*b: 1.10 1995: 1.15 1996: 1.01 1997: 1.21 1998: 1.13 1999: 1.02 2000: 0.96 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 0.56 1982: 0.51 1983: 0.57 1984: 0.57 1985*b: 0.50 1986: 0.54 1987: 0.53 1988: 0.57 1989: 0.50 1990: 1.07 1991: 1.00 1992: 1.09 1993: 1.12 1994*b: 1.04 1995: 1.08 1996: 1.15 1997: 1.11 1998: 1.06 1999: 1.09 2000: 1.03 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 0.99 1982: 0.68 1983: 0.68 1984: 0.69 1985*b: 0.57 1986: 0.54 1987: 0.58 1988: 0.58 1989: 0.55 1990: 0.89 1991: 1.00 1992: 0.90 1993: 0.88 1994*b: 0.94 1995: 0.88 1996: 0.99 1997: 1.05 1998: 1.06 1999: 1.03 2000: 1.07 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 0.57 1982: 0.61 1983: 0.58 1984: 0.57 1985*b: 0.69 1986: 0.68 1987: 0.67 1988: 0.74 1989: 0.60 1990: 1.01 1991: 1.00 1992: 1.02 1993: 0.99 1994*b: 0.99 1995: 0.95 1996: 1.12 1997: 0.97 1998: 1.10 1999: 0.99 2000: 1.00 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 0.75 1982: 0.71 1983: 0.71 1984: 0.64 1985*b: 0.72 1986: 0.65 1987: 0.71 1988: 0.67 1989: 0.63 1990: 1.12 1991: 1.12 1992: 1.14 1993: 1.15 1994*b: 1.12 1995: 1.10 1996: 1.26 1997: 1.27 1998: 1.21 1999: 1.12 2000: 1.22 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 0.61 1982: 0.72 1983: 0.71 1984: 0.66 1985*b: 0.39 1986: 0.41 1987: 0.41 1988: 0.39 1989: 0.33 1990: 0.45 1991: 0.46 1992: 0.46 1993: 0.49 1994*b: 0.51 1995: 0.48 1996: 0.63 1997: 0.66 1998: 0.62 1999: 0.60 2000: 0.58 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 0.68 1982: 0.79 1983: 0.70 1984: 0.69 1985*b: 0.69 1986: 0.62 1987: 0.63 1988: 0.64 1989: 0.58 1990: 1.05 1991: 1.03 1992: 1.00 1993: 1.10 1994*b: 1.12 1995: 1.04 1996: 1.15 1997: 1.09 1998: 1.05 1999: 1.08 2000: 1.06 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 0.44 1982: 0.49 1983: 0.46 1984: 0.48 1985*b: 0.37 1986: 0.38 1987: 0.36 1988: 0.37 1989: 0.53 1990: 0.39 1991: 0.41 1992: 0.41 1993: 0.42 1994*b: 0.41 1995: 0.43 1996: 0.47 1997: 0.49 1998: 0.49 1999: 0.51 2000: 0.48 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 0.87 1982: 1.03 1983: 0.99 1984: 0.94 1985*b: 0.40 1986: 0.41 1987: 0.39 1988: 0.39 1989: 0.36 1990: 0.53 1991: 0.53 1992: 0.53 1993: 0.55 1994*b: 0.55 1995: 0.54 1996: 0.79 1997: 0.77 1998: 0.79 1999: 0.78 2000: 0.75 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 0.47 1982: 0.50 1983: 0.43 1984: 0.47 1985*b: 0.39 1986: 0.38 1987: 0.38 1988: 0.40 1989: 0.36 1990: 0.94 1991: 1.01 1992: 0.90 1993: 0.91 1994*b: 0.88 1995: 0.90 1996: 0.98 1997: 0.99 1998: 1.07 1999: 0.97 2000: 1.04 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 0.58 1982: 0.65 1983: 0.64 1984: 0.67 1985*b: 0.52 1986: 0.50 1987: 0.48 1988: 0.48 1989: 0.46 1990: 0.53 1991: 0.53 1992: 0.53 1993: 0.53 1994*b: 0.54 1995: 0.56 1996: 0.67 1997: 0.66 1998: 0.66 1999: 0.69 2000: 0.68 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 1.24 1982: 0.98 1983: 0.99 1984: 0.90 1985*b: 0.88 1986: 0.99 1987: 0.93 1988: 0.91 1989: 1.04 1990: 1.06 1991: 1.08 1992: 1.11 1993: 0.99 1994*b: 1.11 1995: 1.06 1996: 1.08 1997: 1.05 1998: 1.14 1999: 1.16 2000: 1.07 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 1.33 1982: 1.10 1983: 1.07 1984: 1.11 1985*b: 1.12 1986: 1.18 1987: 1.18 1988: 1.27 1989: 1.15 1990: 1.13 1991: 1.21 1992: 1.23 1993: 1.17 1994*b: 1.11 1995: 1.11 1996: 1.18 1997: 1.12 1998: 1.04 1999: 1.06 2000: 0.99 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 0.58 1982: 0.63 1983: 0.61 1984: 0.64 1985*b: 0.53 1986: 0.53 1987: 0.54 1988: 0.53 1989: 0.48 1990: 0.52 1991: 0.54 1992: 0.55 1993: 0.56 1994*b: 0.55 1995: 0.56 1996: 0.64 1997: 0.63 1998: 0.63 1999: 0.60 2000: 0.60 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 1.14 1982: 0.77 1983: 0.80 1984: 0.79 1985*b: 0.77 1986: 0.71 1987: 0.73 1988: 0.75 1989: 0.64 1990: 1.18 1991: 1.18 1992: 1.14 1993: 1.21 1994*b: 1.19 1995: 1.28 1996: 1.35 1997: 1.35 1998: 1.31 1999: 1.14 2000: 1.38 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 1.10 1982: 0.98 1983: 1.04 1984: 0.98 1985*b: 0.94 1986: 0.91 1987: 0.92 1988: 0.83 1989: 0.78 1990: 0.98 1991: 0.94 1992: 1.00 1993: 0.98 1994*b: 0.96 1995: 0.99 1996: 1.20 1997: 1.15 1998: 1.13 1999: 1.15 2000: 1.06 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 0.49 1982: 0.48 1983: 0.47 1984: 0.45 1985*b: 0.35 1986: 0.39 1987: 0.37 1988: 0.35 1989: 0.34 1990: 0.97 1991: 0.99 1992: 0.98 1993: 1.01 1994*b: 0.96 1995: 0.92 1996: 1.09 1997: 1.04 1998: 1.02 1999: 0.99 2000: 0.98 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 0.92 1982: 1.17 1983: 1.22 1984: 1.18 1985*b: 1.31 1986: 1.34 1987: 1.35 1988: 1.34 1989: 1.19 1990: 1.10 1991: 0.98 1992: 1.13 1993: 1.15 1994*b: 1.15 1995: 1.10 1996: 1.16 1997: 1.31 1998: 1.18 1999: 1.09 2000: 1.09 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 0.53 1982: 0.60 1983: 0.60 1984: 0.59 1985*b: 0.59 1986: 0.58 1987: 0.60 1988: 0.62 1989: 0.55 1990: 0.52 1991: 0.50 1992: 0.53 1993: 0.50 1994*b: 0.50 1995: 0.49 1996: 0.52 1997: 0.50 1998: 0.52 1999: 0.50 2000: 0.49 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 0.56 1982: 0.67 1983: 0.68 1984: 0.66 1985*b: 0.73 1986: 0.68 1987: 0.64 1988: 0.63 1989: 0.61 1990: 1.03 1991: 0.98 1992: 0.97 1993: 0.93 1994*b: 0.96 1995: 0.94 1996: 0.95 1997: 0.89 1998: 0.92 1999: 0.85 2000: 0.90 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 0.62 1982: 0.52 1983: 0.51 1984: 0.48 1985*b: 0.51 1986: 0.46 1987: 0.48 1988: 0.53 1989: 0.43 1990: 0.98 1991: 1.11 1992: 1.25 1993: 1.13 1994*b: 1.18 1995: 1.14 1996: 1.16 1997: 1.23 1998: 1.24 1999: 1.10 2000: 1.11 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 0.96 1982: 1.25 1983: 1.23 1984: 1.12 1985*b: 1.12 1986: 1.15 1987: 1.14 1988: 1.11 1989: 0.99 1990: 0.89 1991: 0.92 1992: 0.85 1993: 0.81 1994*b: 0.82 1995: 0.88 1996: 1.05 1997: 1.05 1998: 1.01 1999: 0.94 2000: 0.94 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 1.03 1982: 1.21 1983: 1.21 1984: 1.14 1985*b: 1.38 1986: 1.39 1987: 1.39 1988: 1.26 1989: 1.13 1990: 1.06 1991: 1.13 1992: 1.13 1993: 0.99 1994*b: 1.03 1995: 0.99 1996: 1.18 1997: 1.13 1998: 1.03 1999: 1.09 2000: 1.07 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 1.18 1982: 0.88 1983: 0.89 1984: 0.88 1985*b: 0.89 1986: 0.90 1987: 0.90 1988: 0.92 1989: 0.84 1990: 1.19 1991: 1.16 1992: 1.17 1993: 1.28 1994*b: 1.30 1995: 1.29 1996: 1.13 1997: 1.24 1998: 1.17 1999: 1.16 2000: 1.18 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 0.87 1982: 1.17 1983: 1.12 1984: 1.23 1985*b: 1.13 1986: 0.97 1987: 1.05 1988: 1.02 1989: 0.96 1990: 0.99 1991: 0.99 1992: 0.96 1993: 1.00 1994*b: 1.00 1995: 0.90 1996: 0.99 1997: 1.07 1998: 1.10 1999: 1.08 2000: 1.04 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 0.36 1982: 0.48 1983: 0.48 1984: 0.43 1985*b: 0.49 1986: 0.51 1987: 0.55 1988: 0.53 1989: 0.51 1990: 1.22 1991: 1.11 1992: 1.25 1993: 1.22 1994*b: 1.21 1995: 1.16 1996: 1.05 1997: 1.15 1998: 1.07 1999: 1.10 2000: 1.00 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work disabilities fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have work limitations, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A9. Standard Errors of the Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 without Work Limitations.*a Location: United States Employment Year 1980: 0.16 1981: 0.17 1982: 0.17 1983: 0.17 1984*b: 0.16 1985: 0.16 1986: 0.15 1987: 0.15 1988: 0.16 1989: 0.15 1990: 0.15 1991: 0.15 1992: 0.15 1993*b: 0.15 1994: 0.15 1995: 0.16 1996: 0.16 1997: 0.16 1998: 0.16 1999: 0.15 Location: Alabama Employment Year 1980: 1.42 1981: 1.36 1982: 1.38 1983: 1.36 1984*b: 1.67 1985: 1.66 1986: 1.57 1987: 1.61 1988: 1.43 1989: 1.42 1990: 1.45 1991: 1.39 1992: 1.34 1993*b: 1.32 1994: 1.31 1995: 1.34 1996: 1.24 1997: 1.27 1998: 1.22 1999: 1.25 Location: Alaska Employment Year 1980: 0.28 1981: 0.40 1982: 0.38 1983: 0.37 1984*b: 0.46 1985: 0.44 1986: 0.48 1987: 0.49 1988: 0.46 1989: 1.17 1990: 1.16 1991: 1.13 1992: 1.10 1993*b: 1.07 1994: 1.04 1995: 1.22 1996: 1.11 1997: 1.21 1998: 1.21 1999: 1.11 Location: Arizona Employment Year 1980: 1.42 1981: 1.40 1982: 1.33 1983: 1.27 1984*b: 1.64 1985: 1.54 1986: 1.50 1987: 1.47 1988: 1.33 1989: 1.40 1990: 1.31 1991: 1.36 1992: 1.38 1993*b: 1.28 1994: 1.24 1995: 1.30 1996: 1.34 1997: 1.26 1998: 1.23 1999: 1.26 Location: Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 1.34 1981: 1.24 1982: 1.29 1983: 1.27 1984*b: 1.22 1985: 1.23 1986: 1.22 1987: 1.13 1988: 1.01 1989: 1.31 1990: 1.31 1991: 1.25 1992: 1.30 1993*b: 1.29 1994: 1.27 1995: 1.28 1996: 1.22 1997: 1.38 1998: 1.23 1999: 1.32 Location: California Employment Year 1980: 0.50 1981: 0.57 1982: 0.58 1983: 0.58 1984*b: 0.63 1985: 0.62 1986: 0.60 1987: 0.60 1988: 0.89 1989: 0.51 1990: 0.51 1991: 0.52 1992: 0.53 1993*b: 0.53 1994: 0.52 1995: 0.58 1996: 0.57 1997: 0.55 1998: 0.54 1999: 0.53 Location: Colorado Employment Year 1980: 0.97 1981: 1.12 1982: 1.07 1983: 1.06 1984*b: 1.31 1985: 1.40 1986: 1.46 1987: 1.38 1988: 1.30 1989: 1.25 1990: 1.23 1991: 1.27 1992: 1.20 1993*b: 1.10 1994: 1.12 1995: 1.12 1996: 1.13 1997: 1.07 1998: 1.00 1999: 1.11 Location: Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 1.25 1981: 1.37 1982: 1.32 1983: 1.24 1984*b: 1.26 1985: 1.22 1986: 1.21 1987: 1.20 1988: 1.21 1989: 1.21 1990: 1.31 1991: 1.36 1992: 1.38 1993*b: 1.34 1994: 1.47 1995: 1.41 1996: 1.34 1997: 1.33 1998: 1.42 1999: 1.31 Location: Delaware Employment Year 1980: 1.05 1981: 0.67 1982: 0.69 1983: 0.70 1984*b: 0.68 1985: 0.59 1986: 0.59 1987: 0.57 1988: 0.52 1989: 1.27 1990: 1.18 1991: 1.24 1992: 1.17 1993*b: 1.22 1994: 1.12 1995: 1.27 1996: 1.43 1997: 1.16 1998: 1.22 1999: 1.29 Location: DC Employment Year 1980: 1.42 1981: 0.77 1982: 0.80 1983: 0.80 1984*b: 0.66 1985: 0.68 1986: 0.56 1987: 0.52 1988: 0.54 1989: 1.39 1990: 1.59 1991: 1.46 1992: 1.60 1993*b: 1.61 1994: 1.53 1995: 1.51 1996: 1.55 1997: 1.55 1998: 1.39 1999: 1.32 Location: Florida Employment Year 1980: 0.82 1981: 1.06 1982: 1.06 1983: 1.02 1984*b: 0.67 1985: 0.64 1986: 0.60 1987: 0.58 1988: 0.54 1989: 0.65 1990: 0.65 1991: 0.65 1992: 0.65 1993*b: 0.65 1994: 0.64 1995: 0.73 1996: 0.71 1997: 0.69 1998: 0.69 1999: 0.68 Location: Georgia Employment Year 1980: 1.07 1981: 1.27 1982: 1.30 1983: 1.27 1984*b: 1.72 1985: 1.66 1986: 1.50 1987: 1.47 1988: 1.43 1989: 1.26 1990: 1.22 1991: 1.26 1992: 1.25 1993*b: 1.20 1994: 1.20 1995: 1.21 1996: 1.11 1997: 1.09 1998: 1.07 1999: 1.01 Location: Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 0.98 1981: 0.84 1982: 0.81 1983: 0.81 1984*b: 0.82 1985: 0.81 1986: 0.81 1987: 0.80 1988: 0.76 1989: 1.37 1990: 1.29 1991: 1.32 1992: 1.31 1993*b: 1.35 1994: 1.28 1995: 1.47 1996: 1.45 1997: 1.49 1998: 1.41 1999: 1.38 Location: Idaho Employment Year 1980: 0.76 1981: 0.77 1982: 0.80 1983: 0.74 1984*b: 0.69 1985: 0.68 1986: 0.69 1987: 0.67 1988: 0.53 1989: 1.10 1990: 1.06 1991: 1.16 1992: 1.19 1993*b: 1.01 1994: 0.97 1995: 1.10 1996: 1.02 1997: 1.09 1998: 1.05 1999: 1.09 Location: Illinois Employment Year 1980: 0.76 1981: 0.88 1982: 0.90 1983: 0.93 1984*b: 0.74 1985: 0.73 1986: 0.73 1987: 0.73 1988: 0.64 1989: 0.69 1990: 0.65 1991: 0.68 1992: 0.69 1993*b: 0.67 1994: 0.65 1995: 0.73 1996: 0.74 1997: 0.71 1998: 0.69 1999: 0.69 Location: Indiana Employment Year 1980: 1.05 1981: 1.22 1982: 1.18 1983: 1.19 1984*b: 1.29 1985: 1.28 1986: 1.30 1987: 1.26 1988: 1.54 1989: 1.30 1990: 1.25 1991: 1.30 1992: 1.28 1993*b: 1.23 1994: 1.16 1995: 1.08 1996: 1.08 1997: 1.03 1998: 1.13 1999: 1.14 Location: Iowa Employment Year 1980: 1.29 1981: 1.26 1982: 1.27 1983: 1.26 1984*b: 1.17 1985: 1.15 1986: 1.02 1987: 1.00 1988: 0.90 1989: 1.02 1990: 1.07 1991: 1.07 1992: 1.02 1993*b: 1.09 1994: 0.92 1995: 1.01 1996: 1.01 1997: 1.01 1998: 1.00 1999: 0.97 Location: Kansas Employment Year 1980: 1.11 1981: 1.26 1982: 1.18 1983: 1.26 1984*b: 1.02 1985: 1.05 1986: 1.01 1987: 0.99 1988: 0.82 1989: 1.09 1990: 1.15 1991: 1.07 1992: 1.06 1993*b: 1.00 1994: 1.09 1995: 1.18 1996: 1.12 1997: 1.05 1998: 1.09 1999: 1.12 Location: Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 1.44 1981: 1.72 1982: 1.74 1983: 1.68 1984*b: 1.60 1985: 1.61 1986: 1.63 1987: 1.60 1988: 1.46 1989: 1.36 1990: 1.31 1991: 1.44 1992: 1.36 1993*b: 1.36 1994: 1.32 1995: 1.38 1996: 1.30 1997: 1.21 1998: 1.28 1999: 1.23 Location: Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 1.34 1981: 1.27 1982: 1.28 1983: 1.30 1984*b: 1.87 1985: 1.81 1986: 1.83 1987: 1.90 1988: 1.77 1989: 1.61 1990: 1.52 1991: 1.48 1992: 1.59 1993*b: 1.59 1994: 1.53 1995: 1.32 1996: 1.35 1997: 1.29 1998: 1.38 1999: 1.34 Location: Maine Employment Year 1980: 1.08 1981: 0.84 1982: 0.83 1983: 0.83 1984*b: 0.77 1985: 0.76 1986: 0.80 1987: 0.81 1988: 0.69 1989: 1.21 1990: 1.21 1991: 1.20 1992: 1.20 1993*b: 1.25 1994: 1.11 1995: 1.28 1996: 1.18 1997: 1.26 1998: 1.27 1999: 1.20 Location: Maryland Employment Year 1980: 1.36 1981: 1.24 1982: 1.34 1983: 1.23 1984*b: 1.24 1985: 1.22 1986: 1.14 1987: 1.14 1988: 1.39 1989: 1.15 1990: 1.22 1991: 1.18 1992: 1.24 1993*b: 1.26 1994: 1.21 1995: 1.26 1996: 1.27 1997: 1.16 1998: 1.27 1999: 1.14 Location: Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 0.82 1981: 0.87 1982: 0.87 1983: 0.82 1984*b: 0.49 1985: 0.49 1986: 0.47 1987: 0.46 1988: 0.41 1989: 0.60 1990: 0.65 1991: 0.67 1992: 0.64 1993*b: 0.65 1994: 0.65 1995: 0.92 1996: 0.87 1997: 0.85 1998: 0.83 1999: 0.86 Location: Michigan Employment Year 1980: 0.90 1981: 1.02 1982: 1.04 1983: 1.01 1984*b: 0.68 1985: 0.68 1986: 0.64 1987: 0.63 1988: 0.57 1989: 0.71 1990: 0.72 1991: 0.69 1992: 0.69 1993*b: 0.68 1994: 0.68 1995: 0.80 1996: 0.76 1997: 0.77 1998: 0.76 1999: 0.73 Location: Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 1.12 1981: 1.22 1982: 1.28 1983: 1.22 1984*b: 1.42 1985: 1.40 1986: 1.28 1987: 1.22 1988: 1.14 1989: 1.03 1990: 1.03 1991: 1.09 1992: 1.06 1993*b: 1.01 1994: 0.99 1995: 0.99 1996: 1.06 1997: 1.01 1998: 1.02 1999: 0.96 Location: Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 1.30 1981: 1.22 1982: 1.26 1983: 1.23 1984*b: 1.22 1985: 1.23 1986: 1.22 1987: 1.20 1988: 1.09 1989: 1.33 1990: 1.30 1991: 1.37 1992: 1.37 1993*b: 1.34 1994: 1.29 1995: 1.45 1996: 1.43 1997: 1.37 1998: 1.37 1999: 1.23 Location: Missouri Employment Year 1980: 1.09 1981: 1.26 1982: 1.30 1983: 1.30 1984*b: 1.43 1985: 1.31 1986: 1.36 1987: 1.33 1988: 1.55 1989: 1.27 1990: 1.20 1991: 1.16 1992: 1.30 1993*b: 1.28 1994: 1.23 1995: 1.09 1996: 1.13 1997: 1.29 1998: 1.11 1999: 1.11 Location: Montana Employment Year 1980: 0.70 1981: 0.69 1982: 0.71 1983: 0.66 1984*b: 0.60 1985: 0.63 1986: 0.62 1987: 0.65 1988: 0.52 1989: 1.09 1990: 1.18 1991: 1.14 1992: 1.14 1993*b: 1.06 1994: 1.07 1995: 1.18 1996: 1.18 1997: 1.07 1998: 1.05 1999: 1.10 Location: Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 1.24 1981: 0.90 1982: 0.95 1983: 1.00 1984*b: 0.80 1985: 0.77 1986: 0.78 1987: 0.73 1988: 0.67 1989: 1.02 1990: 1.01 1991: 1.10 1992: 1.03 1993*b: 1.00 1994: 0.97 1995: 0.96 1996: 1.13 1997: 1.06 1998: 1.07 1999: 1.00 Location: Nevada Employment Year 1980: 0.66 1981: 0.78 1982: 0.75 1983: 0.82 1984*b: 0.84 1985: 0.92 1986: 0.81 1987: 0.83 1988: 0.70 1989: 1.29 1990: 1.19 1991: 1.18 1992: 1.28 1993*b: 1.07 1994: 1.11 1995: 1.32 1996: 1.32 1997: 1.28 1998: 1.30 1999: 1.28 Location: New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 0.97 1981: 0.79 1982: 0.80 1983: 0.72 1984*b: 0.82 1985: 0.79 1986: 0.66 1987: 0.79 1988: 0.73 1989: 1.21 1990: 1.15 1991: 1.18 1992: 1.28 1993*b: 1.30 1994: 1.27 1995: 1.23 1996: 1.25 1997: 1.23 1998: 1.28 1999: 1.20 Location: New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 0.91 1981: 0.97 1982: 1.01 1983: 0.96 1984*b: 0.57 1985: 0.57 1986: 0.54 1987: 0.54 1988: 0.48 1989: 0.65 1990: 0.66 1991: 0.66 1992: 0.69 1993*b: 0.70 1994: 0.68 1995: 0.84 1996: 0.83 1997: 0.84 1998: 0.80 1999: 0.81 Location: New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 0.96 1981: 1.03 1982: 1.02 1983: 1.00 1984*b: 0.91 1985: 0.88 1986: 0.87 1987: 0.85 1988: 0.82 1989: 1.35 1990: 1.37 1991: 1.31 1992: 1.34 1993*b: 1.29 1994: 1.27 1995: 1.45 1996: 1.39 1997: 1.35 1998: 1.38 1999: 1.31 Location: New York Employment Year 1980: 0.65 1981: 0.70 1982: 0.71 1983: 0.71 1984*b: 0.54 1985: 0.53 1986: 0.52 1987: 0.52 1988: 0.75 1989: 0.55 1990: 0.56 1991: 0.56 1992: 0.56 1993*b: 0.57 1994: 0.57 1995: 0.66 1996: 0.65 1997: 0.65 1998: 0.63 1999: 0.62 Location: North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 1.08 1981: 1.24 1982: 1.32 1983: 1.17 1984*b: 0.49 1985: 0.47 1986: 0.44 1987: 0.44 1988: 0.40 1989: 0.61 1990: 0.61 1991: 0.61 1992: 0.62 1993*b: 0.60 1994: 0.60 1995: 0.84 1996: 0.81 1997: 0.86 1998: 0.89 1999: 0.83 Location: North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 0.63 1981: 0.66 1982: 0.68 1983: 0.66 1984*b: 0.50 1985: 0.50 1986: 0.52 1987: 0.50 1988: 0.42 1989: 1.01 1990: 1.09 1991: 1.09 1992: 1.08 1993*b: 1.00 1994: 0.94 1995: 1.11 1996: 1.03 1997: 1.01 1998: 1.14 1999: 1.04 Location: Ohio Employment Year 1980: 0.77 1981: 0.90 1982: 0.93 1983: 0.95 1984*b: 0.70 1985: 0.67 1986: 0.67 1987: 0.65 1988: 0.58 1989: 0.67 1990: 0.66 1991: 0.66 1992: 0.66 1993*b: 0.65 1994: 0.65 1995: 0.76 1996: 0.76 1997: 0.74 1998: 0.74 1999: 0.74 Location: Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 1.53 1981: 1.22 1982: 1.20 1983: 1.20 1984*b: 1.24 1985: 1.22 1986: 1.24 1987: 1.28 1988: 1.24 1989: 1.28 1990: 1.27 1991: 1.34 1992: 1.35 1993*b: 1.33 1994: 1.36 1995: 1.31 1996: 1.23 1997: 1.25 1998: 1.29 1999: 1.24 Location: Oregon Employment Year 1980: 1.51 1981: 1.34 1982: 1.29 1983: 1.31 1984*b: 1.48 1985: 1.48 1986: 1.45 1987: 1.38 1988: 1.14 1989: 1.43 1990: 1.41 1991: 1.33 1992: 1.21 1993*b: 1.25 1994: 1.27 1995: 1.16 1996: 1.25 1997: 1.20 1998: 1.29 1999: 1.18 Location: Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 0.76 1981: 0.88 1982: 0.92 1983: 0.92 1984*b: 0.76 1985: 0.70 1986: 0.72 1987: 0.71 1988: 0.61 1989: 0.68 1990: 0.69 1991: 0.68 1992: 0.69 1993*b: 0.69 1994: 0.67 1995: 0.74 1996: 0.72 1997: 0.72 1998: 0.69 1999: 0.72 Location: Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 1.19 1981: 0.87 1982: 0.90 1983: 0.87 1984*b: 0.88 1985: 0.83 1986: 0.80 1987: 0.83 1988: 0.74 1989: 1.37 1990: 1.33 1991: 1.36 1992: 1.41 1993*b: 1.38 1994: 1.46 1995: 1.34 1996: 1.34 1997: 1.31 1998: 1.22 1999: 1.29 Location: South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 1.49 1981: 1.29 1982: 1.39 1983: 1.35 1984*b: 1.15 1985: 1.17 1986: 1.16 1987: 1.10 1988: 0.99 1989: 1.13 1990: 1.12 1991: 1.11 1992: 1.15 1993*b: 1.19 1994: 1.14 1995: 1.49 1996: 1.40 1997: 1.23 1998: 1.35 1999: 1.33 Location: South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 0.64 1981: 0.62 1982: 0.61 1983: 0.56 1984*b: 0.44 1985: 0.44 1986: 0.45 1987: 0.39 1988: 0.35 1989: 1.04 1990: 0.99 1991: 0.93 1992: 0.93 1993*b: 0.96 1994: 0.90 1995: 0.91 1996: 1.05 1997: 1.09 1998: 0.95 1999: 0.84 Location: Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 1.24 1981: 1.54 1982: 1.53 1983: 1.53 1984*b: 1.60 1985: 1.54 1986: 1.58 1987: 1.55 1988: 1.38 1989: 1.31 1990: 1.19 1991: 1.28 1992: 1.30 1993*b: 1.19 1994: 1.14 1995: 1.29 1996: 1.28 1997: 1.26 1998: 1.28 1999: 1.17 Location: Texas Employment Year 1980: 0.69 1981: 0.85 1982: 0.85 1983: 0.83 1984*b: 0.79 1985: 0.82 1986: 0.81 1987: 0.80 1988: 0.73 1989: 0.67 1990: 0.67 1991: 0.65 1992: 0.66 1993*b: 0.64 1994: 0.63 1995: 0.67 1996: 0.66 1997: 0.65 1998: 0.65 1999: 0.65 Location: Utah Employment Year 1980: 0.82 1981: 0.97 1982: 0.97 1983: 0.97 1984*b: 0.99 1985: 0.96 1986: 0.91 1987: 0.94 1988: 0.85 1989: 1.32 1990: 1.23 1991: 1.19 1992: 1.19 1993*b: 1.12 1994: 1.12 1995: 1.22 1996: 1.12 1997: 1.14 1998: 1.07 1999: 1.15 Location: Vermont Employment Year 1980: 0.68 1981: 0.58 1982: 0.59 1983: 0.56 1984*b: 0.60 1985: 0.54 1986: 0.57 1987: 0.52 1988: 0.45 1989: 1.13 1990: 1.22 1991: 1.23 1992: 1.16 1993*b: 1.01 1994: 1.14 1995: 1.17 1996: 1.27 1997: 1.14 1998: 1.05 1999: 1.14 Location: Virginia Employment Year 1980: 1.21 1981: 1.66 1982: 1.63 1983: 1.58 1984*b: 1.40 1985: 1.39 1986: 1.36 1987: 1.29 1988: 1.23 1989: 1.08 1990: 1.04 1991: 0.98 1992: 0.97 1993*b: 1.02 1994: 0.90 1995: 1.18 1996: 1.22 1997: 1.19 1998: 1.21 1999: 1.12 Location: Washington Employment Year 1980: 1.30 1981: 1.50 1982: 1.61 1983: 1.56 1984*b: 1.72 1985: 1.68 1986: 1.67 1987: 1.52 1988: 1.34 1989: 1.18 1990: 1.22 1991: 1.26 1992: 1.16 1993*b: 1.14 1994: 1.14 1995: 1.22 1996: 1.24 1997: 1.26 1998: 1.22 1999: 1.25 Location: West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 1.57 1981: 1.19 1982: 1.20 1983: 1.23 1984*b: 1.26 1985: 1.29 1986: 1.27 1987: 1.25 1988: 1.10 1989: 1.55 1990: 1.54 1991: 1.58 1992: 1.63 1993*b: 1.57 1994: 1.52 1995: 1.35 1996: 1.39 1997: 1.39 1998: 1.37 1999: 1.33 Location: Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 1.12 1981: 1.51 1982: 1.50 1983: 1.60 1984*b: 1.40 1985: 1.33 1986: 1.27 1987: 1.27 1988: 1.01 1989: 1.05 1990: 0.96 1991: 0.99 1992: 0.95 1993*b: 0.94 1994: 0.95 1995: 0.92 1996: 0.82 1997: 0.91 1998: 1.00 1999: 1.06 Location: Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 0.47 1981: 0.55 1982: 0.56 1983: 0.59 1984*b: 0.63 1985: 0.60 1986: 0.62 1987: 0.61 1988: 0.56 1989: 1.43 1990: 1.29 1991: 1.37 1992: 1.31 1993*b: 1.37 1994: 1.24 1995: 1.16 1996: 1.21 1997: 1.26 1998: 1.22 1999: 1.17 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A10. Standard Errors of the Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Limitations.*a Location: United States Employment Year 1980: 0.7 1981: 0.7 1982: 0.7 1983: 0.7 1984*b: 0.7 1985: 0.7 1986: 0.7 1987: 0.7 1988: 0.8 1989: 0.7 1990: 0.7 1991: 0.7 1992: 0.7 1993*b: 0.7 1994: 0.7 1995: 0.7 1996: 0.7 1997: 0.7 1998: 0.7 1999: 0.7 Location: Alabama Employment Year 1980: 4.8 1981: 4.5 1982: 4.5 1983: 4.5 1984*b: 5.7 1985: 5.7 1986: 5.2 1987: 5.8 1988: 5.4 1989: 4.9 1990: 4.8 1991: 4.4 1992: 5.0 1993*b: 4.1 1994: 4.7 1995: 4.9 1996: 4.6 1997: 4.7 1998: 4.5 1999: 4.5 Location: Alaska Employment Year 1980: 1.5 1981: 2.3 1982: 2.1 1983: 2.2 1984*b: 2.8 1985: 2.8 1986: 2.5 1987: 2.9 1988: 2.7 1989: 7.2 1990: 6.5 1991: 6.4 1992: 6.8 1993*b: 5.5 1994: 5.8 1995: 7.0 1996: 6.5 1997: 5.7 1998: 6.8 1999: 6.4 Location: Arizona Employment Year 1980: 6.2 1981: 5.7 1982: 5.7 1983: 5.8 1984*b: 7.6 1985: 6.4 1986: 6.2 1987: 7.2 1988: 6.3 1989: 6.7 1990: 7.3 1991: 6.6 1992: 5.8 1993*b: 5.8 1994: 5.9 1995: 6.6 1996: 5.4 1997: 5.8 1998: 6.1 1999: 6.6 Location: Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 4.3 1981: 4.0 1982: 4.0 1983: 4.5 1984*b: 4.1 1985: 3.6 1986: 3.9 1987: 4.2 1988: 4.1 1989: 5.8 1990: 5.0 1991: 5.1 1992: 4.7 1993*b: 4.5 1994: 4.8 1995: 4.2 1996: 4.3 1997: 4.4 1998: 4.6 1999: 5.3 Location: California Employment Year 1980: 2.2 1981: 2.4 1982: 2.5 1983: 2.5 1984*b: 2.8 1985: 2.8 1986: 2.8 1987: 2.8 1988: 4.4 1989: 2.4 1990: 2.4 1991: 2.4 1992: 2.2 1993*b: 2.2 1994: 2.3 1995: 2.4 1996: 2.5 1997: 2.5 1998: 2.4 1999: 2.4 Location: Colorado Employment Year 1980: 5.4 1981: 6.5 1982: 6.1 1983: 5.9 1984*b: 7.1 1985: 8.9 1986: 6.7 1987: 7.3 1988: 7.1 1989: 6.8 1990: 7.1 1991: 6.4 1992: 6.4 1993*b: 6.9 1994: 6.6 1995: 6.2 1996: 6.4 1997: 6.3 1998: 6.0 1999: 6.0 Location: Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 6.9 1981: 7.9 1982: 6.8 1983: 6.9 1984*b: 6.9 1985: 7.5 1986: 8.4 1987: 7.2 1988: 8.2 1989: 10.0 1990: 9.4 1991: 8.3 1992: 7.7 1993*b: 7.0 1994: 8.6 1995: 8.6 1996: 8.4 1997: 6.5 1998: 6.1 1999: 7.8 Location: Delaware Employment Year 1980: 4.8 1981: 3.0 1982: 3.1 1983: 3.9 1984*b: 3.0 1985: 3.4 1986: 3.2 1987: 3.4 1988: 2.8 1989: 6.9 1990: 7.5 1991: 6.9 1992: 6.4 1993*b: 6.9 1994: 6.7 1995: 6.6 1996: 7.1 1997: 7.1 1998: 8.1 1999: 6.0 Location: DC Employment Year 1980: 5.1 1981: 2.9 1982: 2.5 1983: 2.6 1984*b: 2.5 1985: 2.5 1986: 2.8 1987: 3.0 1988: 2.5 1989: 6.7 1990: 5.6 1991: 6.9 1992: 7.4 1993*b: 6.6 1994: 6.1 1995: 5.6 1996: 5.9 1997: 6.3 1998: 6.0 1999: 6.3 Location: Florida Employment Year 1980: 3.3 1981: 4.2 1982: 3.9 1983: 3.9 1984*b: 2.6 1985: 2.7 1986: 2.8 1987: 2.8 1988: 2.6 1989: 3.3 1990: 3.1 1991: 2.8 1992: 2.9 1993*b: 2.8 1994: 2.6 1995: 2.9 1996: 2.9 1997: 3.0 1998: 3.1 1999: 3.1 Location: Georgia Employment Year 1980: 4.0 1981: 5.3 1982: 5.4 1983: 5.4 1984*b: 7.2 1985: 6.9 1986: 6.9 1987: 7.1 1988: 6.1 1989: 5.5 1990: 5.5 1991: 4.7 1992: 5.1 1993*b: 4.5 1994: 4.8 1995: 4.3 1996: 5.0 1997: 5.3 1998: 4.8 1999: 4.8 Location: Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 4.2 1981: 3.9 1982: 4.0 1983: 3.7 1984*b: 3.9 1985: 3.8 1986: 3.9 1987: 4.8 1988: 5.0 1989: 6.4 1990: 8.3 1991: 7.1 1992: 6.5 1993*b: 6.3 1994: 6.7 1995: 9.3 1996: 7.8 1997: 7.6 1998: 8.6 1999: 8.2 Location: Idaho Employment Year 1980: 3.5 1981: 3.8 1982: 3.5 1983: 3.3 1984*b: 3.1 1985: 3.0 1986: 3.0 1987: 3.2 1988: 3.0 1989: 5.9 1990: 6.0 1991: 5.4 1992: 6.0 1993*b: 6.7 1994: 5.3 1995: 5.7 1996: 5.9 1997: 5.7 1998: 6.6 1999: 6.2 Location: Illinois Employment Year 1980: 3.5 1981: 4.2 1982: 4.5 1983: 4.2 1984*b: 3.2 1985: 3.5 1986: 3.4 1987: 3.4 1988: 3.1 1989: 3.4 1990: 3.4 1991: 3.6 1992: 3.1 1993*b: 3.0 1994: 3.2 1995: 3.8 1996: 3.5 1997: 3.5 1998: 3.7 1999: 3.9 Location: Indiana Employment Year 1980: 5.3 1981: 4.8 1982: 4.9 1983: 5.1 1984*b: 6.0 1985: 6.0 1986: 5.6 1987: 5.9 1988: 9.2 1989: 7.8 1990: 6.9 1991: 6.2 1992: 7.5 1993*b: 6.6 1994: 5.6 1995: 6.0 1996: 6.2 1997: 5.9 1998: 5.5 1999: 5.3 Location: Iowa Employment Year 1980: 6.4 1981: 6.1 1982: 6.6 1983: 6.8 1984*b: 5.8 1985: 5.5 1986: 5.8 1987: 6.0 1988: 5.8 1989: 6.5 1990: 6.8 1991: 6.9 1992: 6.2 1993*b: 6.6 1994: 6.1 1995: 7.0 1996: 7.2 1997: 7.2 1998: 7.3 1999: 8.0 Location: Kansas Employment Year 1980: 5.7 1981: 6.3 1982: 6.0 1983: 7.1 1984*b: 6.5 1985: 6.1 1986: 5.9 1987: 6.3 1988: 6.0 1989: 6.3 1990: 7.1 1991: 7.5 1992: 6.9 1993*b: 6.2 1994: 5.9 1995: 6.2 1996: 6.6 1997: 6.4 1998: 6.7 1999: 6.8 Location: Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 5.1 1981: 5.9 1982: 6.2 1983: 6.5 1984*b: 6.1 1985: 5.3 1986: 5.4 1987: 4.3 1988: 5.4 1989: 5.7 1990: 4.4 1991: 4.3 1992: 4.4 1993*b: 3.8 1994: 4.1 1995: 4.0 1996: 4.6 1997: 3.9 1998: 4.5 1999: 4.6 Location: Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 4.4 1981: 4.0 1982: 4.3 1983: 4.5 1984*b: 7.5 1985: 6.3 1986: 5.9 1987: 5.9 1988: 5.6 1989: 4.9 1990: 5.6 1991: 6.4 1992: 5.4 1993*b: 3.7 1994: 4.9 1995: 4.5 1996: 4.7 1997: 4.7 1998: 4.0 1999: 3.5 Location: Maine Employment Year 1980: 4.4 1981: 3.8 1982: 3.8 1983: 3.4 1984*b: 3.4 1985: 3.2 1986: 3.7 1987: 3.2 1988: 3.2 1989: 6.1 1990: 6.3 1991: 5.9 1992: 5.0 1993*b: 5.6 1994: 4.9 1995: 6.1 1996: 5.7 1997: 5.5 1998: 5.6 1999: 6.2 Location: Maryland Employment Year 1980: 6.8 1981: 6.0 1982: 6.1 1983: 5.9 1984*b: 5.7 1985: 6.7 1986: 6.6 1987: 6.9 1988: 7.9 1989: 6.6 1990: 7.5 1991: 6.5 1992: 7.6 1993*b: 5.5 1994: 6.9 1995: 5.9 1996: 7.0 1997: 7.5 1998: 6.9 1999: 7.0 Location: Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 4.2 1981: 4.1 1982: 4.6 1983: 4.0 1984*b: 2.6 1985: 2.5 1986: 2.8 1987: 2.7 1988: 2.3 1989: 3.4 1990: 3.1 1991: 3.3 1992: 3.4 1993*b: 3.3 1994: 3.1 1995: 3.9 1996: 4.2 1997: 4.1 1998: 4.4 1999: 4.2 Location: Michigan Employment Year 1980: 3.5 1981: 3.8 1982: 3.9 1983: 3.7 1984*b: 2.4 1985: 2.5 1986: 2.6 1987: 2.7 1988: 2.4 1989: 2.8 1990: 2.9 1991: 2.9 1992: 2.9 1993*b: 2.8 1994: 2.8 1995: 3.8 1996: 3.4 1997: 3.2 1998: 3.5 1999: 3.4 Location: Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 6.5 1981: 7.6 1982: 6.9 1983: 6.7 1984*b: 7.7 1985: 7.9 1986: 7.2 1987: 7.7 1988: 7.5 1989: 6.3 1990: 6.3 1991: 5.5 1992: 6.2 1993*b: 5.8 1994: 6.6 1995: 7.7 1996: 6.6 1997: 6.7 1998: 7.3 1999: 6.6 Location: Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 3.8 1981: 3.7 1982: 3.9 1983: 3.4 1984*b: 3.8 1985: 4.1 1986: 4.1 1987: 3.8 1988: 3.6 1989: 4.9 1990: 4.4 1991: 4.3 1992: 5.0 1993*b: 4.8 1994: 4.8 1995: 5.1 1996: 4.3 1997: 4.3 1998: 4.9 1999: 4.6 Location: Missouri Employment Year 1980: 4.9 1981: 4.9 1982: 5.4 1983: 5.6 1984*b: 5.9 1985: 6.5 1986: 6.6 1987: 6.7 1988: 7.6 1989: 6.7 1990: 6.2 1991: 6.8 1992: 6.0 1993*b: 5.4 1994: 5.6 1995: 6.7 1996: 6.0 1997: 6.2 1998: 6.4 1999: 6.8 Location: Montana Employment Year 1980: 3.4 1981: 3.9 1982: 3.1 1983: 2.9 1984*b: 3.0 1985: 2.7 1986: 2.8 1987: 2.7 1988: 2.4 1989: 5.7 1990: 6.1 1991: 5.7 1992: 6.0 1993*b: 5.7 1994: 5.5 1995: 5.5 1996: 5.3 1997: 5.4 1998: 5.3 1999: 5.8 Location: Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 6.4 1981: 5.7 1982: 5.5 1983: 5.5 1984*b: 4.8 1985: 5.3 1986: 4.7 1987: 4.7 1988: 4.6 1989: 7.2 1990: 6.2 1991: 7.0 1992: 6.9 1993*b: 6.9 1994: 7.2 1995: 7.3 1996: 7.1 1997: 6.8 1998: 6.8 1999: 6.4 Location: Nevada Employment Year 1980: 3.4 1981: 5.0 1982: 4.6 1983: 4.6 1984*b: 4.8 1985: 4.7 1986: 4.8 1987: 4.2 1988: 3.9 1989: 7.7 1990: 7.2 1991: 6.3 1992: 6.6 1993*b: 5.5 1994: 5.3 1995: 6.7 1996: 7.6 1997: 7.0 1998: 7.1 1999: 6.1 Location: New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 5.8 1981: 3.9 1982: 3.8 1983: 4.2 1984*b: 4.9 1985: 5.4 1986: 4.5 1987: 4.9 1988: 4.4 1989: 7.8 1990: 7.7 1991: 7.0 1992: 6.7 1993*b: 6.6 1994: 7.3 1995: 7.3 1996: 6.5 1997: 7.2 1998: 7.3 1999: 6.3 Location: New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 4.3 1981: 4.3 1982: 4.6 1983: 4.8 1984*b: 2.9 1985: 2.9 1986: 2.8 1987: 3.2 1988: 3.1 1989: 4.1 1990: 4.2 1991: 4.0 1992: 3.6 1993*b: 3.5 1994: 3.3 1995: 4.4 1996: 4.0 1997: 4.3 1998: 4.3 1999: 4.3 Location: New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 3.5 1981: 3.4 1982: 4.0 1983: 3.9 1984*b: 3.4 1985: 4.0 1986: 3.6 1987: 3.8 1988: 3.5 1989: 5.5 1990: 5.3 1991: 5.6 1992: 4.8 1993*b: 4.5 1994: 5.1 1995: 5.1 1996: 5.2 1997: 5.4 1998: 5.9 1999: 5.5 Location: New York Employment Year 1980: 2.5 1981: 2.7 1982: 2.9 1983: 2.6 1984*b: 2.0 1985: 2.1 1986: 2.3 1987: 2.4 1988: 3.1 1989: 2.5 1990: 2.4 1991: 2.5 1992: 2.4 1993*b: 2.2 1994: 2.2 1995: 2.6 1996: 2.5 1997: 2.4 1998: 2.3 1999: 2.3 Location: North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 4.4 1981: 4.9 1982: 5.0 1983: 5.4 1984*b: 2.0 1985: 2.1 1986: 2.3 1987: 2.2 1988: 2.0 1989: 3.0 1990: 2.8 1991: 2.9 1992: 3.0 1993*b: 2.7 1994: 2.6 1995: 4.0 1996: 4.2 1997: 3.9 1998: 3.5 1999: 3.9 Location: North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 3.0 1981: 3.3 1982: 3.9 1983: 3.6 1984*b: 2.8 1985: 2.8 1986: 3.0 1987: 2.8 1988: 2.6 1989: 6.1 1990: 6.3 1991: 6.7 1992: 7.4 1993*b: 6.9 1994: 6.6 1995: 8.4 1996: 7.3 1997: 7.1 1998: 7.4 1999: 6.9 Location: Ohio Employment Year 1980: 3.2 1981: 3.8 1982: 3.7 1983: 3.2 1984*b: 2.5 1985: 2.9 1986: 3.0 1987: 3.0 1988: 2.6 1989: 3.2 1990: 3.2 1991: 2.9 1992: 3.0 1993*b: 2.9 1994: 2.9 1995: 3.3 1996: 3.6 1997: 3.5 1998: 3.2 1999: 3.4 Location: Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 6.8 1981: 5.5 1982: 5.0 1983: 5.4 1984*b: 6.4 1985: 5.9 1986: 5.8 1987: 6.7 1988: 4.8 1989: 5.8 1990: 5.7 1991: 5.5 1992: 5.9 1993*b: 5.2 1994: 5.2 1995: 5.6 1996: 5.4 1997: 4.9 1998: 4.9 1999: 4.9 Location: Oregon Employment Year 1980: 6.4 1981: 5.6 1982: 5.8 1983: 5.5 1984*b: 6.5 1985: 6.4 1986: 6.7 1987: 6.1 1988: 5.6 1989: 6.8 1990: 6.3 1991: 5.8 1992: 5.9 1993*b: 6.0 1994: 5.8 1995: 5.9 1996: 6.2 1997: 6.3 1998: 6.5 1999: 6.4 Location: Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 2.9 1981: 3.3 1982: 3.6 1983: 3.2 1984*b: 2.5 1985: 2.7 1986: 2.7 1987: 3.0 1988: 2.8 1989: 3.3 1990: 3.2 1991: 3.0 1992: 2.8 1993*b: 2.8 1994: 2.8 1995: 3.1 1996: 3.1 1997: 3.1 1998: 3.1 1999: 3.3 Location: Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 5.2 1981: 3.7 1982: 3.5 1983: 3.5 1984*b: 3.8 1985: 4.0 1986: 4.4 1987: 4.0 1988: 3.5 1989: 6.7 1990: 6.7 1991: 7.0 1992: 6.3 1993*b: 7.0 1994: 6.5 1995: 5.7 1996: 5.7 1997: 5.7 1998: 6.0 1999: 5.6 Location: South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 5.2 1981: 5.9 1982: 5.4 1983: 5.3 1984*b: 4.7 1985: 4.6 1986: 4.6 1987: 5.1 1988: 4.3 1989: 5.0 1990: 4.6 1991: 4.1 1992: 4.3 1993*b: 4.8 1994: 4.3 1995: 5.0 1996: 6.0 1997: 5.7 1998: 4.8 1999: 5.1 Location: South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 3.9 1981: 3.3 1982: 3.1 1983: 3.5 1984*b: 2.6 1985: 2.3 1986: 2.8 1987: 2.7 1988: 2.4 1989: 6.0 1990: 5.7 1991: 5.7 1992: 5.2 1993*b: 5.7 1994: 5.7 1995: 6.1 1996: 6.8 1997: 6.8 1998: 6.6 1999: 6.6 Location: Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 4.6 1981: 5.8 1982: 4.7 1983: 5.4 1984*b: 5.7 1985: 5.0 1986: 5.3 1987: 6.1 1988: 5.3 1989: 4.4 1990: 4.6 1991: 4.6 1992: 4.4 1993*b: 3.8 1994: 4.0 1995: 5.1 1996: 4.6 1997: 4.7 1998: 5.7 1999: 4.9 Location: Texas Employment Year 1980: 3.2 1981: 4.3 1982: 4.4 1983: 4.0 1984*b: 4.1 1985: 4.0 1986: 3.7 1987: 3.7 1988: 3.7 1989: 3.2 1990: 3.3 1991: 3.2 1992: 3.3 1993*b: 3.0 1994: 2.9 1995: 3.3 1996: 3.3 1997: 3.0 1998: 3.1 1999: 3.0 Location: Utah Employment Year 1980: 4.2 1981: 4.9 1982: 4.6 1983: 5.0 1984*b: 5.0 1985: 5.0 1986: 5.8 1987: 5.7 1988: 4.8 1989: 6.9 1990: 7.8 1991: 7.0 1992: 7.8 1993*b: 6.3 1994: 6.7 1995: 6.8 1996: 7.5 1997: 6.7 1998: 6.8 1999: 6.1 Location: Vermont Employment Year 1980: 3.3 1981: 3.0 1982: 3.0 1983: 2.9 1984*b: 3.3 1985: 3.5 1986: 3.1 1987: 2.8 1988: 3.0 1989: 8.1 1990: 7.0 1991: 6.1 1992: 6.2 1993*b: 6.2 1994: 6.7 1995: 7.5 1996: 6.3 1997: 6.5 1998: 6.6 1999: 6.3 Location: Virginia Employment Year 1980: 5.2 1981: 7.4 1982: 7.5 1983: 8.0 1984*b: 6.1 1985: 6.3 1986: 6.8 1987: 6.4 1988: 5.8 1989: 5.5 1990: 5.6 1991: 5.6 1992: 5.9 1993*b: 5.7 1994: 5.1 1995: 4.7 1996: 5.0 1997: 4.5 1998: 5.1 1999: 5.8 Location: Washington Employment Year 1980: 4.9 1981: 7.0 1982: 6.8 1983: 7.1 1984*b: 7.4 1985: 6.9 1986: 7.2 1987: 7.9 1988: 7.5 1989: 6.1 1990: 5.2 1991: 5.6 1992: 6.4 1993*b: 5.7 1994: 5.4 1995: 5.7 1996: 6.0 1997: 6.6 1998: 6.0 1999: 5.7 Location: West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 4.2 1981: 3.2 1982: 2.6 1983: 2.8 1984*b: 3.3 1985: 3.5 1986: 3.9 1987: 3.2 1988: 3.1 1989: 4.4 1990: 5.2 1991: 4.9 1992: 3.9 1993*b: 3.7 1994: 3.4 1995: 3.5 1996: 3.3 1997: 3.4 1998: 3.1 1999: 3.7 Location: Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 6.1 1981: 7.9 1982: 7.7 1983: 8.1 1984*b: 6.9 1985: 8.2 1986: 7.7 1987: 8.4 1988: 6.9 1989: 5.9 1990: 6.5 1991: 6.7 1992: 5.7 1993*b: 5.5 1994: 6.2 1995: 6.4 1996: 5.9 1997: 5.8 1998: 6.0 1999: 5.9 Location: Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 2.9 1981: 3.1 1982: 2.9 1983: 3.3 1984*b: 3.3 1985: 3.0 1986: 3.0 1987: 3.2 1988: 2.8 1989: 6.7 1990: 8.0 1991: 7.1 1992: 7.7 1993*b: 7.1 1994: 7.5 1995: 6.1 1996: 6.0 1997: 6.6 1998: 6.3 1999: 6.0 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A11. Standard Error of Median Household Size-Adjusted Income of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 without Work Limitations for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Income Years 1980 through 1999.*a,*b Group: United States Income Year 1980: 80 1981: 86 1982: 83 1983: 89 1984: 94 1985: 93 1986: 96 1987: 96 1988: 107 1989: 98 1990: 102 1991: 100 1992: 100 1993: 100 1994: 97 1995: 104 1996: 114 1997: 112 1998: 114 1999: 126 Group: Alabama Income Year 1980: 910 1981: 574 1982: 601 1983: 794 1984: 1,107 1985: 621 1986: 844 1987: 1,107 1988: 829 1989: 624 1990: 738 1991: 646 1992: 619 1993: 787 1994: 667 1995: 818 1996: 1,083 1997: 765 1998: 800 1999: 1,064 Group: Alaska Income Year 1980: 298 1981: 391 1982: 380 1983: 364 1984: 327 1985: 423 1986: 410 1987: 446 1988: 405 1989: 843 1990: 902 1991: 910 1992: 1,067 1993: 1,024 1994: 778 1995: 845 1996: 905 1997: 1,262 1998: 837 1999: 1,103 Group: Arizona Income Year 1980: 689 1981: 765 1982: 769 1983: 799 1984: 1,120 1985: 745 1986: 1,171 1987: 675 1988: 856 1989: 663 1990: 931 1991: 1,101 1992: 752 1993: 589 1994: 935 1995: 722 1996: 601 1997: 799 1998: 986 1999: 795 Group: Arkansas Income Year 1980: 466 1981: 583 1982: 571 1983: 392 1984: 484 1985: 447 1986: 397 1987: 504 1988: 521 1989: 800 1990: 669 1991: 656 1992: 700 1993: 726 1994: 557 1995: 783 1996: 911 1997: 589 1998: 693 1999: 785 Group: California Income Year 1980: 266 1981: 338 1982: 361 1983: 328 1984: 399 1985: 408 1986: 441 1987: 404 1988: 671 1989: 344 1990: 341 1991: 345 1992: 400 1993: 446 1994: 417 1995: 421 1996: 492 1997: 426 1998: 396 1999: 404 Group: Colorado Income Year 1980: 522 1981: 776 1982: 948 1983: 750 1984: 1,068 1985: 998 1986: 847 1987: 926 1988: 979 1989: 780 1990: 799 1991: 880 1992: 620 1993: 787 1994: 841 1995: 851 1996: 961 1997: 880 1998: 725 1999: 980 Group: Connecticut Income Year 1980: 577 1981: 733 1982: 718 1983: 860 1984: 693 1985: 844 1986: 888 1987: 746 1988: 909 1989: 1,052 1990: 793 1991: 971 1992: 1,100 1993: 922 1994: 1,078 1995: 941 1996: 1,000 1997: 1,297 1998: 1,657 1999: 1,561 Group: Delaware Income Year 1980: 627 1981: 363 1982: 331 1983: 378 1984: 414 1985: 292 1986: 279 1987: 350 1988: 352 1989: 698 1990: 963 1991: 1,031 1992: 861 1993: 770 1994: 627 1995: 1,033 1996: 1,439 1997: 1,032 1998: 803 1999: 1,608 Group: DC Income Year 1980: 645 1981: 525 1982: 788 1983: 483 1984: 448 1985: 568 1986: 441 1987: 493 1988: 579 1989: 974 1990: 1,315 1991: 1,150 1992: 1,072 1993: 2,034 1994: 901 1995: 1,299 1996: 1,154 1997: 1,247 1998: 1,731 1999: 1,279 Group: Florida Income Year 1980: 367 1981: 437 1982: 505 1983: 432 1984: 330 1985: 357 1986: 445 1987: 399 1988: 340 1989: 386 1990: 381 1991: 377 1992: 511 1993: 442 1994: 360 1995: 381 1996: 489 1997: 403 1998: 445 1999: 563 Group: Georgia Income Year 1980: 542 1981: 779 1982: 613 1983: 648 1984: 713 1985: 828 1986: 932 1987: 1,140 1988: 896 1989: 877 1990: 877 1991: 816 1992: 963 1993: 724 1994: 973 1995: 869 1996: 836 1997: 734 1998: 672 1999: 708 Group: Hawaii Income Year 1980: 406 1981: 354 1982: 326 1983: 326 1984: 519 1985: 361 1986: 647 1987: 489 1988: 328 1989: 1,146 1990: 1,123 1991: 854 1992: 1,173 1993: 884 1994: 919 1995: 1,356 1996: 978 1997: 1,211 1998: 954 1999: 1,190 Group: Idaho Income Year 1980: 342 1981: 357 1982: 231 1983: 256 1984: 223 1985: 333 1986: 374 1987: 580 1988: 292 1989: 591 1990: 777 1991: 610 1992: 565 1993: 595 1994: 914 1995: 649 1996: 594 1997: 600 1998: 557 1999: 665 Group: Illinois Income Year 1980: 402 1981: 505 1982: 454 1983: 551 1984: 414 1985: 395 1986: 421 1987: 459 1988: 452 1989: 414 1990: 424 1991: 456 1992: 425 1993: 429 1994: 503 1995: 596 1996: 469 1997: 498 1998: 518 1999: 540 Group: Indiana Income Year 1980: 444 1981: 534 1982: 600 1983: 448 1984: 540 1985: 616 1986: 633 1987: 515 1988: 886 1989: 675 1990: 711 1991: 741 1992: 608 1993: 564 1994: 731 1995: 594 1996: 588 1997: 590 1998: 605 1999: 736 Group: Iowa Income Year 1980: 652 1981: 665 1982: 558 1983: 549 1984: 542 1985: 475 1986: 550 1987: 624 1988: 529 1989: 684 1990: 662 1991: 552 1992: 639 1993: 469 1994: 547 1995: 616 1996: 745 1997: 786 1998: 831 1999: 828 Group: Kansas Income Year 1980: 646 1981: 606 1982: 641 1983: 513 1984: 530 1985: 492 1986: 583 1987: 593 1988: 553 1989: 612 1990: 808 1991: 699 1992: 761 1993: 663 1994: 919 1995: 710 1996: 1,163 1997: 678 1998: 853 1999: 910 Group: Kentucky Income Year 1980: 678 1981: 855 1982: 902 1983: 753 1984: 580 1985: 1,043 1986: 645 1987: 852 1988: 764 1989: 644 1990: 636 1991: 865 1992: 807 1993: 871 1994: 839 1995: 748 1996: 633 1997: 968 1998: 1,073 1999: 1,024 Group: Louisiana Income Year 1980: 532 1981: 675 1982: 610 1983: 614 1984: 883 1985: 733 1986: 1,536 1987: 896 1988: 1,022 1989: 731 1990: 673 1991: 669 1992: 801 1993: 800 1994: 744 1995: 609 1996: 939 1997: 721 1998: 837 1999: 699 Group: Maine Income Year 1980: 373 1981: 316 1982: 421 1983: 442 1984: 508 1985: 510 1986: 341 1987: 488 1988: 383 1989: 573 1990: 655 1991: 934 1992: 649 1993: 834 1994: 620 1995: 572 1996: 724 1997: 783 1998: 716 1999: 1,179 Group: Maryland Income Year 1980: 882 1981: 815 1982: 707 1983: 908 1984: 912 1985: 765 1986: 870 1987: 1,010 1988: 1,016 1989: 728 1990: 1,059 1991: 888 1992: 858 1993: 1,141 1994: 891 1995: 1,007 1996: 1,225 1997: 1,199 1998: 1,010 1999: 931 Group: Massachusetts Income Year 1980: 402 1981: 502 1982: 501 1983: 534 1984: 291 1985: 296 1986: 356 1987: 385 1988: 350 1989: 602 1990: 536 1991: 518 1992: 536 1993: 399 1994: 442 1995: 588 1996: 578 1997: 899 1998: 705 1999: 881 Group: Michigan Income Year 1980: 479 1981: 520 1982: 580 1983: 484 1984: 365 1985: 380 1986: 418 1987: 366 1988: 351 1989: 479 1990: 497 1991: 402 1992: 414 1993: 435 1994: 388 1995: 603 1996: 656 1997: 492 1998: 537 1999: 565 Group: Minnesota Income Year 1980: 633 1981: 738 1982: 626 1983: 638 1984: 1,059 1985: 871 1986: 1,010 1987: 826 1988: 864 1989: 862 1990: 1,105 1991: 743 1992: 726 1993: 834 1994: 875 1995: 835 1996: 828 1997: 651 1998: 836 1999: 659 Group: Mississippi Income Year 1980: 568 1981: 543 1982: 519 1983: 558 1984: 495 1985: 505 1986: 518 1987: 570 1988: 535 1989: 671 1990: 624 1991: 695 1992: 565 1993: 771 1994: 501 1995: 792 1996: 764 1997: 435 1998: 717 1999: 684 Group: Missouri Income Year 1980: 628 1981: 692 1982: 634 1983: 682 1984: 906 1985: 636 1986: 660 1987: 972 1988: 1,542 1989: 823 1990: 610 1991: 806 1992: 612 1993: 1,023 1994: 654 1995: 947 1996: 671 1997: 1,064 1998: 752 1999: 825 Group: Montana Income Year 1980: 260 1981: 369 1982: 315 1983: 285 1984: 343 1985: 349 1986: 263 1987: 335 1988: 278 1989: 832 1990: 787 1991: 905 1992: 613 1993: 688 1994: 565 1995: 605 1996: 682 1997: 711 1998: 556 1999: 735 Group: Nebraska Income Year 1980: 609 1981: 491 1982: 528 1983: 456 1984: 353 1985: 362 1986: 509 1987: 469 1988: 450 1989: 517 1990: 553 1991: 658 1992: 410 1993: 549 1994: 657 1995: 769 1996: 691 1997: 757 1998: 1,055 1999: 835 Group: Nevada Income Year 1980: 416 1981: 350 1982: 355 1983: 407 1984: 493 1985: 573 1986: 687 1987: 522 1988: 395 1989: 851 1990: 615 1991: 804 1992: 757 1993: 789 1994: 818 1995: 1,071 1996: 789 1997: 544 1998: 1,325 1999: 999 Group: New Hampshire Income Year 1980: 619 1981: 342 1982: 289 1983: 343 1984: 370 1985: 414 1986: 526 1987: 620 1988: 465 1989: 807 1990: 915 1991: 1,283 1992: 739 1993: 833 1994: 1,043 1995: 1,063 1996: 893 1997: 1,268 1998: 984 1999: 1,328 Group: New Jersey Income Year 1980: 444 1981: 595 1982: 546 1983: 625 1984: 296 1985: 346 1986: 373 1987: 335 1988: 309 1989: 546 1990: 491 1991: 563 1992: 511 1993: 461 1994: 517 1995: 619 1996: 579 1997: 577 1998: 693 1999: 692 Group: New Mexico Income Year 1980: 456 1981: 410 1982: 550 1983: 575 1984: 604 1985: 425 1986: 510 1987: 369 1988: 384 1989: 780 1990: 616 1991: 707 1992: 738 1993: 968 1994: 720 1995: 619 1996: 961 1997: 824 1998: 728 1999: 845 Group: New York Income Year 1980: 319 1981: 365 1982: 304 1983: 380 1984: 311 1985: 323 1986: 342 1987: 372 1988: 483 1989: 367 1990: 349 1991: 372 1992: 391 1993: 389 1994: 346 1995: 498 1996: 444 1997: 383 1998: 469 1999: 460 Group: North Carolina Income Year 1980: 686 1981: 556 1982: 616 1983: 687 1984: 299 1985: 273 1986: 239 1987: 266 1988: 236 1989: 356 1990: 318 1991: 400 1992: 415 1993: 366 1994: 355 1995: 510 1996: 526 1997: 625 1998: 607 1999: 606 Group: North Dakota Income Year 1980: 336 1981: 332 1982: 418 1983: 342 1984: 216 1985: 228 1986: 277 1987: 289 1988: 249 1989: 520 1990: 600 1991: 486 1992: 534 1993: 481 1994: 559 1995: 531 1996: 662 1997: 739 1998: 784 1999: 512 Group: Ohio Income Year 1980: 341 1981: 517 1982: 384 1983: 457 1984: 309 1985: 336 1986: 384 1987: 359 1988: 369 1989: 365 1990: 392 1991: 362 1992: 409 1993: 430 1994: 440 1995: 591 1996: 626 1997: 468 1998: 541 1999: 592 Group: Oklahoma Income Year 1980: 879 1981: 565 1982: 779 1983: 579 1984: 860 1985: 680 1986: 614 1987: 696 1988: 776 1989: 724 1990: 737 1991: 724 1992: 917 1993: 755 1994: 719 1995: 663 1996: 585 1997: 644 1998: 768 1999: 631 Group: Oregon Income Year 1980: 1,012 1981: 535 1982: 718 1983: 609 1984: 1,103 1985: 934 1986: 621 1987: 966 1988: 854 1989: 976 1990: 721 1991: 1,004 1992: 1,148 1993: 911 1994: 902 1995: 767 1996: 827 1997: 1,097 1998: 751 1999: 921 Group: Pennsylvania Income Year 1980: 361 1981: 375 1982: 334 1983: 440 1984: 352 1985: 312 1986: 378 1987: 415 1988: 387 1989: 385 1990: 483 1991: 378 1992: 425 1993: 367 1994: 437 1995: 423 1996: 444 1997: 441 1998: 470 1999: 668 Group: Rhode Island Income Year 1980: 567 1981: 299 1982: 420 1983: 350 1984: 484 1985: 444 1986: 481 1987: 535 1988: 689 1989: 980 1990: 1,023 1991: 1,011 1992: 922 1993: 829 1994: 1,157 1995: 1,061 1996: 1,006 1997: 850 1998: 1,282 1999: 1,282 Group: South Carolina Income Year 1980: 611 1981: 406 1982: 412 1983: 466 1984: 618 1985: 595 1986: 588 1987: 785 1988: 570 1989: 583 1990: 730 1991: 717 1992: 685 1993: 675 1994: 716 1995: 824 1996: 704 1997: 562 1998: 874 1999: 885 Group: South Dakota Income Year 1980: 254 1981: 262 1982: 220 1983: 306 1984: 222 1985: 242 1986: 181 1987: 259 1988: 200 1989: 373 1990: 592 1991: 500 1992: 424 1993: 500 1994: 506 1995: 685 1996: 639 1997: 607 1998: 852 1999: 766 Group: Tennessee Income Year 1980: 513 1981: 699 1982: 548 1983: 883 1984: 893 1985: 1,025 1986: 602 1987: 772 1988: 812 1989: 664 1990: 703 1991: 766 1992: 523 1993: 726 1994: 726 1995: 671 1996: 786 1997: 658 1998: 738 1999: 700 Group: Texas Income Year 1980: 378 1981: 461 1982: 395 1983: 457 1984: 497 1985: 563 1986: 527 1987: 476 1988: 481 1989: 539 1990: 455 1991: 401 1992: 478 1993: 492 1994: 445 1995: 436 1996: 446 1997: 537 1998: 464 1999: 454 Group: Utah Income Year 1980: 518 1981: 497 1982: 325 1983: 403 1984: 472 1985: 419 1986: 477 1987: 617 1988: 647 1989: 706 1990: 560 1991: 756 1992: 630 1993: 544 1994: 476 1995: 604 1996: 718 1997: 557 1998: 527 1999: 671 Group: Vermont Income Year 1980: 335 1981: 271 1982: 333 1983: 317 1984: 318 1985: 370 1986: 342 1987: 306 1988: 348 1989: 737 1990: 1,034 1991: 940 1992: 596 1993: 698 1994: 805 1995: 1,025 1996: 999 1997: 803 1998: 745 1999: 839 Group: Virginia Income Year 1980: 536 1981: 911 1982: 848 1983: 818 1984: 1,136 1985: 849 1986: 901 1987: 1,217 1988: 1,007 1989: 962 1990: 664 1991: 674 1992: 757 1993: 705 1994: 641 1995: 712 1996: 825 1997: 691 1998: 992 1999: 940 Group: Washington Income Year 1980: 530 1981: 742 1982: 742 1983: 1,003 1984: 953 1985: 1,206 1986: 1,117 1987: 977 1988: 918 1989: 750 1990: 561 1991: 817 1992: 792 1993: 849 1994: 805 1995: 783 1996: 1,215 1997: 1,020 1998: 1,073 1999: 1,113 Group: West Virginia Income Year 1980: 566 1981: 343 1982: 725 1983: 391 1984: 407 1985: 426 1986: 553 1987: 521 1988: 552 1989: 612 1990: 896 1991: 865 1992: 619 1993: 676 1994: 616 1995: 910 1996: 767 1997: 609 1998: 794 1999: 766 Group: Wisconsin Income Year 1980: 522 1981: 647 1982: 643 1983: 636 1984: 656 1985: 726 1986: 646 1987: 672 1988: 555 1989: 582 1990: 742 1991: 610 1992: 740 1993: 538 1994: 718 1995: 672 1996: 682 1997: 678 1998: 920 1999: 909 Group: Wyoming Income Year 1980: 218 1981: 301 1982: 313 1983: 295 1984: 294 1985: 428 1986: 331 1987: 300 1988: 308 1989: 959 1990: 683 1991: 732 1992: 662 1993: 562 1994: 960 1995: 746 1996: 750 1997: 636 1998: 679 1999: 794 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. The unit of the analysis is the individual not the household. Individuals are assumed to receive an equal share of their household's size-adjusted income. Size-adjusted income is household income by dividing income by the square root of household size. The CPS collect income for the year prior to the survey, the "income year". Income is before taxes but after public cash transfers. Negative sources of income are converted to zero. All dollar amounts are in 1998 dollars. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A12. Standard Error of Median Household Size-Adjusted Income of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Limitations for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Income Years 1980 through 1999.*a,*b Group: United States Income Year 1980: 226 1981: 251 1982: 239 1983: 227 1984: 229 1985: 249 1986: 259 1987: 305 1988: 268 1989: 341 1990: 285 1991: 246 1992: 234 1993: 223 1994: 246 1995: 248 1996: 261 1997: 251 1998: 283 1999: 315 Group: Alabama Income Year 1980: 1,475 1981: 952 1982: 927 1983: 989 1984: 1,121 1985: 2,010 1986: 1,290 1987: 876 1988: 1,421 1989: 492 1990: 1,193 1991: 1,163 1992: 3,317 1993: 873 1994: 1,732 1995: 1,064 1996: 1,228 1997: 972 1998: 834 1999: 838 Group: Alaska Income Year 1980: 1,496 1981: 730 1982: 621 1983: 908 1984: 451 1985: 1,088 1986: 832 1987: 922 1988: 640 1989: 3,624 1990: 1,708 1991: 1,380 1992: 4,169 1993: #### 1994: 2,739 1995: 6,471 1996: 4,862 1997: 2,054 1998: 1,595 1999: 2,365 Group: Arizona Income Year 1980: 1,900 1981: 1,681 1982: 2,057 1983: 4,070 1984: 1,921 1985: 1,964 1986: 2,437 1987: 2,807 1988: 1,846 1989: 1,835 1990: 1,967 1991: 1,759 1992: 1,040 1993: 2,356 1994: 2,095 1995: 2,499 1996: 7,246 1997: 1,290 1998: 2,158 1999: 2,759 Group: Arkansas Income Year 1980: 866 1981: 1,175 1982: 1,236 1983: 1,622 1984: 2,283 1985: 553 1986: 1,250 1987: 686 1988: 691 1989: 1,545 1990: 955 1991: 1,610 1992: 830 1993: 926 1994: 850 1995: 745 1996: 1,227 1997: 1,171 1998: 840 1999: 1,094 Group: California Income Year 1980: 540 1981: 919 1982: 996 1983: 993 1984: 1,429 1985: 1,720 1986: 1,096 1987: 1,657 1988: 1,945 1989: 1,273 1990: 1,294 1991: 1,264 1992: 833 1993: 826 1994: 977 1995: 825 1996: 1,056 1997: 897 1998: 1,362 1999: 1,068 Group: Colorado Income Year 1980: 853 1981: 2,157 1982: 1,026 1983: 1,037 1984: 2,015 1985: 2,660 1986: 6,206 1987: 881 1988: 1,347 1989: 2,020 1990: 3,091 1991: 959 1992: 1,036 1993: 1,728 1994: 1,052 1995: 1,345 1996: 2,798 1997: 1,995 1998: 1,822 1999: 1,759 Group: Connecticut Income Year 1980: 3,988 1981: 3,167 1982: 2,817 1983: 1,563 1984: 3,667 1985: 1,597 1986: 9,806 1987: 4,003 1988: 10,036 1989: 6,740 1990: #### 1991: 2,648 1992: 1,899 1993: 1,487 1994: 2,764 1995: 3,525 1996: 2,762 1997: 4,765 1998: 2,309 1999: 4,292 Group: Delaware Income Year 1980: 735 1981: 666 1982: 673 1983: 576 1984: 561 1985: 276 1986: 325 1987: 556 1988: 613 1989: 2,399 1990: 1,272 1991: 1,956 1992: 2,020 1993: 755 1994: 1,100 1995: 1,781 1996: 1,139 1997: 2,964 1998: 7,007 1999: 3,880 Group: DC Income Year 1980: 2,845 1981: 394 1982: 377 1983: 6,442 1984: 432 1985: 936 1986: 1,036 1987: 3,623 1988: 966 1989: 2,037 1990: 1,471 1991: 8,689 1992: 1,504 1993: 1,170 1994: 1,932 1995: 2,407 1996: 1,067 1997: 1,598 1998: 2,177 1999: 1,814 Group: Florida Income Year 1980: 877 1981: 1,439 1982: 1,406 1983: 984 1984: 774 1985: 1,863 1986: 950 1987: 1,708 1988: 912 1989: 1,075 1990: 1,034 1991: 1,210 1992: 657 1993: 1,114 1994: 921 1995: 1,055 1996: 702 1997: 857 1998: 1,135 1999: 1,329 Group: Georgia Income Year 1980: 1,031 1981: 1,768 1982: 740 1983: 1,471 1984: 1,444 1985: 1,075 1986: 1,149 1987: 1,448 1988: 982 1989: 1,962 1990: 1,634 1991: 1,522 1992: 1,788 1993: 1,176 1994: 1,696 1995: 816 1996: 1,135 1997: 1,588 1998: 1,233 1999: 4,287 Group: Hawaii Income Year 1980: 1,123 1981: 1,031 1982: 1,638 1983: 2,228 1984: 892 1985: 1,218 1986: 1,636 1987: 1,093 1988: 4,067 1989: 2,739 1990: 3,248 1991: 1,832 1992: 1,560 1993: 2,125 1994: 9,979 1995: 2,978 1996: 2,010 1997: 2,393 1998: 5,697 1999: 8,034 Group: Idaho Income Year 1980: 919 1981: 1,444 1982: 668 1983: 789 1984: 814 1985: 772 1986: 704 1987: 598 1988: 1,027 1989: 3,100 1990: 1,010 1991: 1,927 1992: 1,151 1993: 1,981 1994: 1,596 1995: 4,292 1996: 1,545 1997: 2,565 1998: 5,202 1999: 3,028 Group: Illinois Income Year 1980: 1,136 1981: 2,461 1982: 2,256 1983: 1,417 1984: 1,144 1985: 1,472 1986: 1,190 1987: 3,097 1988: 1,038 1989: 1,624 1990: 2,128 1991: 910 1992: 1,063 1993: 1,505 1994: 1,866 1995: 2,192 1996: 1,893 1997: 1,026 1998: 1,219 1999: 2,047 Group: Indiana Income Year 1980: 1,534 1981: 1,284 1982: 1,297 1983: 1,313 1984: 1,157 1985: 2,020 1986: 1,365 1987: 1,055 1988: 900 1989: 972 1990: 2,971 1991: 2,649 1992: 1,532 1993: 1,624 1994: 1,111 1995: 1,117 1996: 1,603 1997: 4,460 1998: 1,150 1999: 1,186 Group: Iowa Income Year 1980: 4,764 1981: 2,332 1982: 1,316 1983: 1,835 1984: 2,087 1985: 2,497 1986: 2,622 1987: 1,037 1988: 1,591 1989: 3,856 1990: 2,243 1991: 1,842 1992: 892 1993: 1,211 1994: 1,650 1995: 2,467 1996: 949 1997: 1,847 1998: 1,651 1999: 1,064 Group: Kansas Income Year 1980: 2,529 1981: 1,125 1982: 817 1983: 2,878 1984: 944 1985: 958 1986: 883 1987: 763 1988: 1,434 1989: 1,775 1990: 1,402 1991: 1,891 1992: 2,029 1993: 1,277 1994: 2,582 1995: 1,898 1996: 1,233 1997: 1,278 1998: 1,785 1999: 1,578 Group: Kentucky Income Year 1980: 1,227 1981: 701 1982: 747 1983: 1,559 1984: 1,016 1985: 1,870 1986: 3,368 1987: 3,260 1988: 1,451 1989: 2,543 1990: 1,552 1991: 3,000 1992: 678 1993: 871 1994: 1,401 1995: 807 1996: 1,703 1997: 1,368 1998: 2,083 1999: 936 Group: Louisiana Income Year 1980: 2,700 1981: 1,008 1982: 1,112 1983: 1,430 1984: 2,420 1985: 1,042 1986: 1,332 1987: 1,015 1988: 880 1989: 2,645 1990: 2,391 1991: 2,328 1992: 1,350 1993: 802 1994: 1,266 1995: 1,339 1996: 1,016 1997: 879 1998: 939 1999: 705 Group: Maine Income Year 1980: 982 1981: 995 1982: 1,793 1983: 1,636 1984: 3,044 1985: 437 1986: 1,269 1987: 1,175 1988: 552 1989: 1,634 1990: 1,316 1991: 1,107 1992: 1,589 1993: 983 1994: 1,447 1995: 801 1996: 3,914 1997: 1,360 1998: 1,063 1999: 1,994 Group: Maryland Income Year 1980: 2,285 1981: 1,801 1982: 1,876 1983: 1,881 1984: 2,009 1985: 4,425 1986: 3,128 1987: 5,373 1988: 2,520 1989: 2,623 1990: 1,706 1991: 1,895 1992: 2,331 1993: 956 1994: #### 1995: 867 1996: 1,355 1997: 3,068 1998: 2,243 1999: 6,674 Group: Massachusetts Income Year 1980: 1,995 1981: 1,774 1982: 934 1983: 1,275 1984: 1,030 1985: 1,017 1986: 1,439 1987: 1,133 1988: 1,125 1989: 994 1990: 1,068 1991: 1,653 1992: 1,462 1993: 2,037 1994: 1,062 1995: 2,393 1996: 1,427 1997: 2,159 1998: 1,080 1999: 1,912 Group: Michigan Income Year 1980: 1,078 1981: 1,242 1982: 1,609 1983: 1,907 1984: 1,080 1985: 1,047 1986: 903 1987: 1,219 1988: 758 1989: 1,809 1990: 1,106 1991: 1,591 1992: 667 1993: 985 1994: 1,454 1995: 1,360 1996: 1,572 1997: 1,664 1998: 719 1999: 1,119 Group: Minnesota Income Year 1980: 2,187 1981: 7,297 1982: 2,643 1983: 1,745 1984: 2,474 1985: 2,582 1986: 7,679 1987: 1,270 1988: 1,969 1989: 1,338 1990: 1,585 1991: 1,263 1992: 1,412 1993: 1,613 1994: 3,358 1995: 1,093 1996: 1,275 1997: 1,618 1998: 2,714 1999: 2,620 Group: Mississippi Income Year 1980: 543 1981: 2,175 1982: 545 1983: 507 1984: 570 1985: 795 1986: 580 1987: 625 1988: 1,099 1989: 697 1990: 1,580 1991: 1,520 1992: 1,567 1993: 1,047 1994: 1,543 1995: 1,050 1996: 661 1997: 613 1998: 1,021 1999: 2,249 Group: Missouri Income Year 1980: 2,002 1981: 1,083 1982: 1,278 1983: 1,440 1984: 1,213 1985: 2,003 1986: 1,186 1987: 1,977 1988: 2,494 1989: 3,190 1990: 1,529 1991: 1,293 1992: 1,276 1993: 800 1994: 3,895 1995: 1,306 1996: 1,449 1997: 2,093 1998: 2,236 1999: 1,868 Group: Montana Income Year 1980: 781 1981: 909 1982: 743 1983: 1,310 1984: 2,625 1985: 458 1986: 744 1987: 1,323 1988: 728 1989: 1,080 1990: 1,705 1991: 1,129 1992: 1,164 1993: 1,250 1994: 1,230 1995: 1,714 1996: 2,088 1997: 1,034 1998: 1,146 1999: 1,189 Group: Nebraska Income Year 1980: 1,638 1981: 1,147 1982: 996 1983: 1,924 1984: 1,208 1985: 1,385 1986: 2,040 1987: 1,984 1988: 1,436 1989: 1,859 1990: 1,689 1991: 2,092 1992: 2,304 1993: 2,167 1994: 1,373 1995: 3,217 1996: 2,630 1997: 1,477 1998: 1,676 1999: 3,764 Group: Nevada Income Year 1980: 1,905 1981: 850 1982: 1,707 1983: 1,620 1984: 1,344 1985: 1,694 1986: 1,289 1987: 1,413 1988: 644 1989: 2,333 1990: 3,937 1991: 2,931 1992: 2,199 1993: #### 1994: 1,226 1995: 1,899 1996: 1,909 1997: 2,112 1998: 1,999 1999: 5,720 Group: New Hampshire Income Year 1980: 1,378 1981: 1,175 1982: 1,532 1983: 695 1984: 576 1985: 3,505 1986: 2,298 1987: 1,372 1988: 7,549 1989: 5,983 1990: 3,139 1991: 5,326 1992: 3,142 1993: 2,668 1994: 792 1995: 2,325 1996: 3,590 1997: 2,237 1998: 2,865 1999: 2,771 Group: New Jersey Income Year 1980: 1,871 1981: 1,309 1982: 1,199 1983: 1,508 1984: 1,434 1985: 1,363 1986: 1,283 1987: 1,304 1988: 1,570 1989: 1,670 1990: 5,222 1991: 1,614 1992: 2,051 1993: 1,447 1994: 2,585 1995: 1,446 1996: 2,912 1997: 1,539 1998: 1,925 1999: 1,314 Group: New Mexico Income Year 1980: 636 1981: 986 1982: 881 1983: 756 1984: 764 1985: 1,474 1986: 1,357 1987: 664 1988: 758 1989: 839 1990: 2,161 1991: 1,097 1992: 783 1993: 998 1994: 703 1995: 1,718 1996: 671 1997: 2,221 1998: 1,237 1999: 1,980 Group: New York Income Year 1980: 757 1981: 1,190 1982: 692 1983: 1,255 1984: 1,001 1985: 749 1986: 1,029 1987: 1,156 1988: 2,187 1989: 1,266 1990: 1,074 1991: 1,071 1992: 873 1993: 603 1994: 891 1995: 1,657 1996: 631 1997: 790 1998: 940 1999: 1,068 Group: North Carolina Income Year 1980: 818 1981: 639 1982: 1,165 1983: 1,214 1984: 628 1985: 642 1986: 840 1987: 712 1988: 761 1989: 1,233 1990: 1,004 1991: 793 1992: 977 1993: 702 1994: 2,018 1995: 916 1996: 1,030 1997: 1,080 1998: 919 1999: 2,392 Group: North Dakota Income Year 1980: 749 1981: 962 1982: 1,015 1983: 1,322 1984: 803 1985: 1,229 1986: 774 1987: 798 1988: 840 1989: 3,273 1990: 2,061 1991: 1,812 1992: 3,761 1993: 2,374 1994: 931 1995: 1,211 1996: 2,851 1997: 2,631 1998: 9,295 1999: 2,132 Group: Ohio Income Year 1980: 2,591 1981: 1,372 1982: 1,016 1983: 818 1984: 858 1985: 1,023 1986: 877 1987: 1,752 1988: 1,173 1989: 1,317 1990: 2,536 1991: 1,146 1992: 1,010 1993: 668 1994: 1,243 1995: 1,029 1996: 856 1997: 674 1998: 1,075 1999: 1,957 Group: Oklahoma Income Year 1980: 4,383 1981: 1,137 1982: 1,206 1983: 1,087 1984: 1,161 1985: 1,033 1986: 657 1987: 2,239 1988: 1,448 1989: 1,502 1990: 876 1991: 973 1992: 1,381 1993: 1,564 1994: 1,408 1995: 1,471 1996: 841 1997: 1,720 1998: 901 1999: 991 Group: Oregon Income Year 1980: 2,690 1981: 2,670 1982: 2,845 1983: 1,821 1984: 703 1985: 2,133 1986: 2,099 1987: 1,733 1988: 1,501 1989: 2,442 1990: 3,223 1991: 1,929 1992: 1,692 1993: 2,718 1994: 1,317 1995: 1,361 1996: 6,968 1997: 2,082 1998: 2,577 1999: 2,352 Group: Pennsylvania Income Year 1980: 935 1981: 1,052 1982: 1,219 1983: 1,102 1984: 1,078 1985: 843 1986: 898 1987: 973 1988: 775 1989: 1,217 1990: 995 1991: 1,100 1992: 853 1993: 1,342 1994: 935 1995: 957 1996: 948 1997: 1,271 1998: 1,094 1999: 903 Group: Rhode Island Income Year 1980: 1,748 1981: 951 1982: 1,215 1983: 869 1984: 743 1985: 1,048 1986: 1,345 1987: 1,658 1988: 792 1989: 1,138 1990: 1,624 1991: 3,446 1992: 2,390 1993: 4,461 1994: 2,630 1995: 1,582 1996: 3,009 1997: 3,622 1998: 1,733 1999: 2,346 Group: South Carolina Income Year 1980: 959 1981: 1,246 1982: 707 1983: 585 1984: 713 1985: 1,845 1986: 1,301 1987: 2,231 1988: 627 1989: 1,121 1990: 1,391 1991: 1,424 1992: 1,682 1993: 726 1994: 1,658 1995: 1,529 1996: 917 1997: 1,172 1998: 1,522 1999: 2,654 Group: South Dakota Income Year 1980: 560 1981: 744 1982: 348 1983: 703 1984: 651 1985: 549 1986: 583 1987: 790 1988: 567 1989: 1,266 1990: 1,203 1991: 1,176 1992: 1,776 1993: 2,214 1994: 1,047 1995: 1,926 1996: 2,839 1997: 2,091 1998: 2,285 1999: 1,296 Group: Tennessee Income Year 1980: 2,920 1981: 1,232 1982: 1,561 1983: 1,260 1984: 983 1985: 1,341 1986: 1,056 1987: 996 1988: 1,528 1989: 875 1990: 647 1991: 908 1992: 1,232 1993: 701 1994: 1,034 1995: 1,406 1996: 1,843 1997: 980 1998: 946 1999: 680 Group: Texas Income Year 1980: 1,121 1981: 1,875 1982: 1,297 1983: 1,369 1984: 1,498 1985: 702 1986: 875 1987: 1,190 1988: 1,455 1989: 1,215 1990: 1,305 1991: 1,005 1992: 914 1993: 925 1994: 1,435 1995: 1,168 1996: 1,390 1997: 852 1998: 1,258 1999: 1,048 Group: Utah Income Year 1980: 2,775 1981: 1,244 1982: 1,533 1983: 2,340 1984: 3,907 1985: 1,389 1986: 1,088 1987: 3,747 1988: 760 1989: 1,071 1990: 1,729 1991: 1,971 1992: 1,869 1993: 1,790 1994: 3,232 1995: 3,267 1996: 1,643 1997: 3,225 1998: 4,929 1999: 2,632 Group: Vermont Income Year 1980: 1,120 1981: 696 1982: 707 1983: 634 1984: 1,008 1985: 805 1986: 900 1987: 732 1988: 1,398 1989: 1,126 1990: 2,222 1991: 1,298 1992: 797 1993: 1,196 1994: 1,522 1995: 1,633 1996: 3,510 1997: 2,011 1998: 2,373 1999: 1,380 Group: Virginia Income Year 1980: 947 1981: 4,927 1982: 1,453 1983: 2,814 1984: 1,991 1985: 1,559 1986: 1,361 1987: 3,368 1988: 6,144 1989: 1,647 1990: 2,070 1991: 2,848 1992: 2,598 1993: 1,971 1994: 1,145 1995: 660 1996: 1,481 1997: 1,534 1998: 1,596 1999: 1,330 Group: Washington Income Year 1980: 1,452 1981: 2,092 1982: 1,714 1983: 1,986 1984: 2,237 1985: 3,238 1986: 1,984 1987: 3,069 1988: 2,210 1989: 1,540 1990: 1,986 1991: 1,922 1992: 1,893 1993: 4,946 1994: 1,922 1995: 2,255 1996: 2,407 1997: 1,858 1998: 4,507 1999: 2,436 Group: West Virginia Income Year 1980: 1,122 1981: 788 1982: 873 1983: 526 1984: 616 1985: 1,282 1986: 590 1987: 659 1988: 656 1989: 989 1990: 632 1991: 1,143 1992: 675 1993: 1,266 1994: 465 1995: 689 1996: 719 1997: 933 1998: 549 1999: 1,294 Group: Wisconsin Income Year 1980: 770 1981: 2,502 1982: 2,687 1983: 3,773 1984: 1,818 1985: 2,977 1986: 2,697 1987: 2,161 1988: 2,438 1989: 2,614 1990: 1,503 1991: 1,074 1992: 1,502 1993: 1,772 1994: 1,243 1995: 2,359 1996: 2,564 1997: 2,732 1998: 3,765 1999: 2,527 Group: Wyoming Income Year 1980: 965 1981: 1,048 1982: 2,150 1983: 2,771 1984: 2,088 1985: 492 1986: 433 1987: 788 1988: 853 1989: 2,142 1990: 3,094 1991: 3,386 1992: 2,074 1993: 3,404 1994: 1,112 1995: 1,220 1996: 936 1997: 2,417 1998: 1,015 1999: 3,234 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. The unit of the analysis is the individual not the household. Individuals are assumed to receive an equal share of their household's size-adjusted income. Size-adjusted income is household income by dividing income by the square root of household size. The CPS collect income for the year prior to the survey, the "income year". Income is before taxes but after public cash transfers. Negative sources of income are converted to zero. All dollar amounts are in 1998 dollars. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A13. Non-Institutionalized Civilian Population Aged 18 through 64 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Survey Years 1981 through 2000 (in thousands).*a Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 136,613 1982: 138,608 1983: 140,450 1984: 142,303 1985: 143,626 1986: 145,306 1987: 146,735 1988: 148,216 1989: 149,857 1990: 151,330 1991: 152,536 1992: 153,830 1993: 155,428 1994: 158,269 1995: 159,403 1996: 160,711 1997: 162,827 1998: 164,535 1999: 166,591 2000: 168,370 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 2,259 1982: 2,351 1983: 2,329 1984: 2,363 1985: 2,352 1986: 2,432 1987: 2,421 1988: 2,399 1989: 2,412 1990: 2,485 1991: 2,527 1992: 2,520 1993: 2,489 1994: 2,560 1995: 2,587 1996: 2,532 1997: 2,556 1998: 2,602 1999: 2,688 2000: 2,725 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 237 1982: 251 1983: 269 1984: 301 1985: 311 1986: 316 1987: 317 1988: 299 1989: 290 1990: 309 1991: 310 1992: 320 1993: 323 1994: 370 1995: 372 1996: 373 1997: 375 1998: 378 1999: 378 2000: 380 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 1,621 1982: 1,657 1983: 1,685 1984: 1,682 1985: 1,823 1986: 1,980 1987: 2,027 1988: 2,129 1989: 2,088 1990: 2,066 1991: 2,098 1992: 2,151 1993: 2,157 1994: 2,413 1995: 2,474 1996: 2,542 1997: 2,750 1998: 2,723 1999: 2,914 2000: 2,865 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 1,322 1982: 1,313 1983: 1,338 1984: 1,335 1985: 1,355 1986: 1,358 1987: 1,366 1988: 1,415 1989: 1,450 1990: 1,373 1991: 1,405 1992: 1,428 1993: 1,403 1994: 1,440 1995: 1,502 1996: 1,504 1997: 1,522 1998: 1,494 1999: 1,494 2000: 1,505 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 14,859 1982: 15,142 1983: 15,471 1984: 15,752 1985: 16,024 1986: 16,570 1987: 16,955 1988: 17,352 1989: 17,371 1990: 18,216 1991: 18,391 1992: 18,832 1993: 19,284 1994: 19,253 1995: 19,169 1996: 19,466 1997: 19,790 1998: 20,180 1999: 20,532 2000: 20,984 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 1,834 1982: 1,845 1983: 1,958 1984: 2,010 1985: 1,973 1986: 2,047 1987: 2,017 1988: 1,979 1989: 1,896 1990: 1,969 1991: 2,030 1992: 2,058 1993: 2,046 1994: 2,231 1995: 2,383 1996: 2,461 1997: 2,483 1998: 2,523 1999: 2,581 2000: 2,663 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 1,846 1982: 1,900 1983: 1,968 1984: 2,003 1985: 2,003 1986: 2,000 1987: 2,015 1988: 1,927 1989: 2,061 1990: 2,036 1991: 1,993 1992: 2,060 1993: 1,999 1994: 2,040 1995: 1,968 1996: 1,929 1997: 1,955 1998: 2,007 1999: 2,017 2000: 1,946 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 364 1982: 372 1983: 379 1984: 376 1985: 376 1986: 383 1987: 395 1988: 407 1989: 425 1990: 426 1991: 439 1992: 433 1993: 456 1994: 454 1995: 451 1996: 453 1997: 460 1998: 447 1999: 456 2000: 475 Location: DC Survey Year 1981: 399 1982: 412 1983: 414 1984: 406 1985: 400 1986: 402 1987: 409 1988: 402 1989: 387 1990: 364 1991: 360 1992: 345 1993: 348 1994: 389 1995: 396 1996: 355 1997: 344 1998: 330 1999: 334 2000: 332 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 5,853 1982: 5,968 1983: 6,044 1984: 6,192 1985: 6,477 1986: 6,768 1987: 7,040 1988: 7,236 1989: 7,433 1990: 7,655 1991: 7,770 1992: 7,920 1993: 8,137 1994: 8,247 1995: 8,335 1996: 8,363 1997: 8,486 1998: 8,656 1999: 8,680 2000: 8,904 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 3,253 1982: 3,307 1983: 3,335 1984: 3,445 1985: 3,469 1986: 3,593 1987: 3,781 1988: 3,708 1989: 3,938 1990: 3,901 1991: 3,944 1992: 3,895 1993: 4,032 1994: 4,307 1995: 4,433 1996: 4,528 1997: 4,657 1998: 4,713 1999: 4,799 2000: 4,939 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 572 1982: 574 1983: 585 1984: 620 1985: 613 1986: 627 1987: 619 1988: 634 1989: 625 1990: 664 1991: 672 1992: 687 1993: 682 1994: 684 1995: 672 1996: 712 1997: 705 1998: 688 1999: 697 2000: 729 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 524 1982: 537 1983: 549 1984: 572 1985: 575 1986: 571 1987: 563 1988: 552 1989: 570 1990: 586 1991: 601 1992: 607 1993: 601 1994: 657 1995: 685 1996: 694 1997: 716 1998: 731 1999: 747 2000: 750 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 6,864 1982: 6,948 1983: 7,013 1984: 7,005 1985: 7,006 1986: 7,101 1987: 7,028 1988: 7,139 1989: 7,098 1990: 7,198 1991: 7,256 1992: 7,305 1993: 7,299 1994: 7,228 1995: 7,193 1996: 7,218 1997: 7,239 1998: 7,279 1999: 7,401 2000: 7,523 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 3,238 1982: 3,310 1983: 3,266 1984: 3,299 1985: 3,419 1986: 3,430 1987: 3,379 1988: 3,331 1989: 3,428 1990: 3,410 1991: 3,396 1992: 3,444 1993: 3,484 1994: 3,535 1995: 3,523 1996: 3,473 1997: 3,525 1998: 3,628 1999: 3,650 2000: 3,673 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 1,681 1982: 1,683 1983: 1,671 1984: 1,721 1985: 1,730 1986: 1,657 1987: 1,642 1988: 1,675 1989: 1,665 1990: 1,683 1991: 1,657 1992: 1,667 1993: 1,764 1994: 1,664 1995: 1,640 1996: 1,691 1997: 1,723 1998: 1,710 1999: 1,690 2000: 1,699 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 1,363 1982: 1,362 1983: 1,388 1984: 1,375 1985: 1,437 1986: 1,382 1987: 1,407 1988: 1,446 1989: 1,442 1990: 1,470 1991: 1,464 1992: 1,480 1993: 1,506 1994: 1,472 1995: 1,504 1996: 1,492 1997: 1,453 1998: 1,498 1999: 1,501 2000: 1,592 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 2,146 1982: 2,174 1983: 2,185 1984: 2,248 1985: 2,269 1986: 2,216 1987: 2,210 1988: 2,258 1989: 2,191 1990: 2,258 1991: 2,263 1992: 2,204 1993: 2,255 1994: 2,295 1995: 2,355 1996: 2,324 1997: 2,376 1998: 2,477 1999: 2,432 2000: 2,498 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 2,424 1982: 2,548 1983: 2,579 1984: 2,627 1985: 2,577 1986: 2,618 1987: 2,673 1988: 2,602 1989: 2,589 1990: 2,531 1991: 2,539 1992: 2,505 1993: 2,466 1994: 2,541 1995: 2,640 1996: 2,640 1997: 2,601 1998: 2,617 1999: 2,634 2000: 2,695 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 662 1982: 675 1983: 677 1984: 704 1985: 688 1986: 678 1987: 692 1988: 701 1989: 728 1990: 760 1991: 767 1992: 780 1993: 788 1994: 769 1995: 745 1996: 774 1997: 785 1998: 778 1999: 784 2000: 812 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 2,635 1982: 2,712 1983: 2,706 1984: 2,735 1985: 2,740 1986: 2,768 1987: 2,880 1988: 2,898 1989: 3,000 1990: 2,982 1991: 3,003 1992: 3,063 1993: 3,123 1994: 3,109 1995: 3,106 1996: 3,186 1997: 3,166 1998: 3,174 1999: 3,158 2000: 3,138 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 3,546 1982: 3,617 1983: 3,580 1984: 3,619 1985: 3,639 1986: 3,626 1987: 3,657 1988: 3,701 1989: 3,764 1990: 3,745 1991: 3,740 1992: 3,743 1993: 3,745 1994: 3,761 1995: 3,800 1996: 3,869 1997: 3,856 1998: 3,859 1999: 3,836 2000: 3,848 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 5,549 1982: 5,502 1983: 5,528 1984: 5,578 1985: 5,556 1986: 5,536 1987: 5,613 1988: 5,744 1989: 5,751 1990: 5,717 1991: 5,753 1992: 5,735 1993: 5,667 1994: 5,839 1995: 5,777 1996: 5,708 1997: 5,801 1998: 5,950 1999: 5,966 2000: 6,086 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 2,461 1982: 2,488 1983: 2,532 1984: 2,600 1985: 2,510 1986: 2,517 1987: 2,600 1988: 2,560 1989: 2,623 1990: 2,633 1991: 2,703 1992: 2,685 1993: 2,765 1994: 2,765 1995: 2,814 1996: 2,800 1997: 2,911 1998: 2,893 1999: 2,901 2000: 2,904 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 1,388 1982: 1,352 1983: 1,395 1984: 1,437 1985: 1,417 1986: 1,447 1987: 1,502 1988: 1,514 1989: 1,509 1990: 1,519 1991: 1,532 1992: 1,511 1993: 1,507 1994: 1,497 1995: 1,571 1996: 1,596 1997: 1,679 1998: 1,664 1999: 1,629 2000: 1,639 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 2,921 1982: 2,938 1983: 2,957 1984: 2,936 1985: 2,991 1986: 3,022 1987: 3,074 1988: 3,085 1989: 3,064 1990: 3,118 1991: 3,198 1992: 3,215 1993: 3,168 1994: 3,138 1995: 3,141 1996: 3,251 1997: 3,111 1998: 3,175 1999: 3,330 2000: 3,424 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 473 1982: 479 1983: 489 1984: 503 1985: 502 1986: 500 1987: 481 1988: 469 1989: 474 1990: 489 1991: 481 1992: 476 1993: 474 1994: 500 1995: 500 1996: 520 1997: 541 1998: 542 1999: 555 2000: 549 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 908 1982: 928 1983: 909 1984: 924 1985: 942 1986: 939 1987: 918 1988: 923 1989: 919 1990: 947 1991: 955 1992: 954 1993: 961 1994: 935 1995: 987 1996: 954 1997: 977 1998: 980 1999: 995 2000: 991 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 539 1982: 567 1983: 586 1984: 586 1985: 586 1986: 610 1987: 642 1988: 658 1989: 705 1990: 736 1991: 749 1992: 779 1993: 816 1994: 912 1995: 950 1996: 960 1997: 1,024 1998: 1,051 1999: 1,112 2000: 1,141 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 570 1982: 576 1983: 582 1984: 588 1985: 612 1986: 618 1987: 647 1988: 673 1989: 693 1990: 703 1991: 715 1992: 738 1993: 740 1994: 717 1995: 704 1996: 714 1997: 727 1998: 725 1999: 753 2000: 763 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 4,565 1982: 4,566 1983: 4,540 1984: 4,718 1985: 4,713 1986: 4,746 1987: 4,811 1988: 4,804 1989: 4,847 1990: 4,881 1991: 4,864 1992: 4,876 1993: 4,864 1994: 4,967 1995: 4,913 1996: 4,867 1997: 4,961 1998: 5,093 1999: 5,167 2000: 5,057 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 773 1982: 761 1983: 786 1984: 808 1985: 845 1986: 864 1987: 877 1988: 876 1989: 875 1990: 890 1991: 910 1992: 920 1993: 914 1994: 961 1995: 977 1996: 1,019 1997: 1,046 1998: 1,050 1999: 1,028 2000: 1,011 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 10,482 1982: 10,638 1983: 10,798 1984: 10,939 1985: 11,090 1986: 11,017 1987: 11,024 1988: 11,095 1989: 11,092 1990: 11,050 1991: 11,094 1992: 10,974 1993: 11,056 1994: 11,331 1995: 11,137 1996: 11,171 1997: 11,297 1998: 11,026 1999: 11,182 2000: 11,390 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 3,667 1982: 3,708 1983: 3,696 1984: 3,724 1985: 3,725 1986: 3,801 1987: 3,850 1988: 3,891 1989: 4,031 1990: 4,039 1991: 4,076 1992: 4,102 1993: 4,112 1994: 4,228 1995: 4,335 1996: 4,463 1997: 4,536 1998: 4,591 1999: 4,632 2000: 4,680 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 380 1982: 370 1983: 374 1984: 381 1985: 393 1986: 397 1987: 373 1988: 381 1989: 373 1990: 370 1991: 364 1992: 375 1993: 360 1994: 364 1995: 360 1996: 368 1997: 379 1998: 367 1999: 368 2000: 363 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 6,519 1982: 6,614 1983: 6,662 1984: 6,548 1985: 6,527 1986: 6,523 1987: 6,466 1988: 6,634 1989: 6,682 1990: 6,546 1991: 6,612 1992: 6,729 1993: 6,744 1994: 6,788 1995: 6,665 1996: 6,783 1997: 6,770 1998: 6,738 1999: 6,892 2000: 6,867 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 1,733 1982: 1,772 1983: 1,846 1984: 1,915 1985: 1,950 1986: 1,950 1987: 1,953 1988: 1,872 1989: 1,893 1990: 1,884 1991: 1,864 1992: 1,916 1993: 1,909 1994: 1,936 1995: 1,947 1996: 1,915 1997: 1,918 1998: 1,969 1999: 1,971 2000: 1,966 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 1,656 1982: 1,624 1983: 1,655 1984: 1,672 1985: 1,694 1986: 1,694 1987: 1,658 1988: 1,672 1989: 1,694 1990: 1,714 1991: 1,732 1992: 1,792 1993: 1,848 1994: 1,915 1995: 1,952 1996: 2,000 1997: 2,005 1998: 2,092 1999: 2,118 2000: 2,133 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 7,187 1982: 7,278 1983: 7,265 1984: 7,194 1985: 7,186 1986: 7,195 1987: 7,127 1988: 7,159 1989: 7,418 1990: 7,372 1991: 7,258 1992: 7,355 1993: 7,337 1994: 7,243 1995: 7,280 1996: 7,220 1997: 7,221 1998: 7,323 1999: 7,329 2000: 7,155 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 563 1982: 572 1983: 554 1984: 588 1985: 586 1986: 600 1987: 611 1988: 619 1989: 611 1990: 603 1991: 607 1992: 612 1993: 618 1994: 601 1995: 584 1996: 568 1997: 572 1998: 583 1999: 582 2000: 582 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 1,870 1982: 1,901 1983: 1,910 1984: 1,968 1985: 2,004 1986: 1,953 1987: 1,942 1988: 2,046 1989: 2,062 1990: 2,075 1991: 2,161 1992: 2,223 1993: 2,224 1994: 2,255 1995: 2,293 1996: 2,287 1997: 2,373 1998: 2,380 1999: 2,363 2000: 2,392 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 386 1982: 381 1983: 391 1984: 399 1985: 404 1986: 404 1987: 394 1988: 406 1989: 410 1990: 401 1991: 394 1992: 391 1993: 403 1994: 404 1995: 411 1996: 415 1997: 414 1998: 425 1999: 429 2000: 427 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 2,774 1982: 2,732 1983: 2,809 1984: 2,793 1985: 2,826 1986: 2,914 1987: 2,887 1988: 2,928 1989: 3,012 1990: 2,982 1991: 3,028 1992: 3,038 1993: 3,110 1994: 3,282 1995: 3,378 1996: 3,382 1997: 3,336 1998: 3,455 1999: 3,506 2000: 3,562 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 8,586 1982: 8,931 1983: 9,233 1984: 9,575 1985: 9,657 1986: 9,789 1987: 10,066 1988: 10,015 1989: 10,025 1990: 10,252 1991: 10,397 1992: 10,365 1993: 10,585 1994: 11,040 1995: 11,351 1996: 11,474 1997: 11,828 1998: 12,037 1999: 12,293 2000: 12,394 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 800 1982: 815 1983: 838 1984: 849 1985: 886 1986: 904 1987: 922 1988: 895 1989: 894 1990: 904 1991: 922 1992: 946 1993: 951 1994: 1,079 1995: 1,069 1996: 1,102 1997: 1,142 1998: 1,199 1999: 1,268 2000: 1,269 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 316 1982: 316 1983: 316 1984: 321 1985: 326 1986: 335 1987: 328 1988: 338 1989: 353 1990: 358 1991: 353 1992: 362 1993: 380 1994: 362 1995: 364 1996: 370 1997: 368 1998: 362 1999: 381 2000: 392 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 3,204 1982: 3,242 1983: 3,418 1984: 3,490 1985: 3,496 1986: 3,518 1987: 3,515 1988: 3,699 1989: 3,697 1990: 3,752 1991: 3,866 1992: 3,992 1993: 4,034 1994: 4,091 1995: 4,172 1996: 4,093 1997: 4,199 1998: 4,191 1999: 4,165 2000: 4,228 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 2,594 1982: 2,579 1983: 2,578 1984: 2,532 1985: 2,642 1986: 2,731 1987: 2,695 1988: 2,785 1989: 2,916 1990: 3,023 1991: 3,081 1992: 3,059 1993: 3,114 1994: 3,194 1995: 3,294 1996: 3,469 1997: 3,599 1998: 3,621 1999: 3,647 2000: 3,686 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 1,132 1982: 1,129 1983: 1,149 1984: 1,176 1985: 1,161 1986: 1,113 1987: 1,093 1988: 1,083 1989: 1,121 1990: 1,097 1991: 1,107 1992: 1,108 1993: 1,083 1994: 1,098 1995: 1,126 1996: 1,117 1997: 1,106 1998: 1,096 1999: 1,093 2000: 1,105 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 2,817 1982: 2,888 1983: 2,957 1984: 2,856 1985: 2,847 1986: 2,840 1987: 2,893 1988: 2,928 1989: 2,984 1990: 2,901 1991: 2,852 1992: 2,883 1993: 3,026 1994: 3,121 1995: 3,120 1996: 3,250 1997: 3,174 1998: 3,176 1999: 3,236 2000: 3,247 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 297 1982: 307 1983: 307 1984: 311 1985: 298 1986: 301 1987: 285 1988: 276 1989: 276 1990: 288 1991: 286 1992: 272 1993: 271 1994: 285 1995: 298 1996: 299 1997: 290 1998: 289 1999: 298 2000: 294 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. These estimated populations are the denominators of the estimated percentages in Tables 1, 2, and 4. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A14. Sample Sizes used to Calculate the Percentage of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Work Limitations and Work Disabilities. Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 107,791 1982: 97,108 1983: 97,432 1984: 96,856 1985*b: 97,151 1986: 94,605 1987: 93,557 1988: 93,639 1989: 86,845 1990: 95,236 1991: 95,006 1992: 93,558 1993: 92,670 1994*b: 89,472 1995: 89,136 1996: 77,588 1997: 78,748 1998: 78,912 1999: 79,578 2000: 80,892 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 1,653 1982: 1,503 1983: 1,511 1984: 1,458 1985*b: 1,208 1986: 919 1987: 1,152 1988: 1,122 1989: 1,054 1990: 1,118 1991: 1,169 1992: 1,169 1993: 1,090 1994*b: 1,065 1995: 1,122 1996: 973 1997: 985 1998: 996 1999: 1,012 2000: 1,066 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 1,314 1982: 1,347 1983: 1,450 1984: 1,487 1985*b: 1,523 1986: 1,563 1987: 1,380 1988: 1,248 1989: 1,307 1990: 1,290 1991: 1,298 1992: 1,329 1993: 1,314 1994*b: 1,200 1995: 1,062 1996: 875 1997: 896 1998: 859 1999: 933 2000: 969 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 1,703 1982: 1,390 1983: 1,297 1984: 1,263 1985*b: 1,137 1986: 1,001 1987: 1,008 1988: 1,081 1989: 1,036 1990: 1,066 1991: 1,047 1992: 982 1993: 959 1994*b: 1,008 1995: 1,180 1996: 1,226 1997: 1,323 1998: 1,354 1999: 1,410 2000: 1,494 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 1,515 1982: 1,181 1983: 1,266 1984: 1,183 1985*b: 1,164 1986: 1,031 1987: 1,117 1988: 1,191 1989: 1,206 1990: 1,135 1991: 1,199 1992: 1,173 1993: 1,133 1994*b: 1,056 1995: 1,021 1996: 1,044 1997: 1,004 1998: 978 1999: 934 2000: 998 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 9,631 1982: 9,532 1983: 9,506 1984: 9,463 1985*b: 9,329 1986: 8,269 1987: 8,180 1988: 8,253 1989: 4,853 1990: 8,808 1991: 9,001 1992: 8,874 1993: 8,791 1994*b: 8,194 1995: 7,944 1996: 7,610 1997: 7,845 1998: 7,894 1999: 7,949 2000: 8,040 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 1,715 1982: 1,737 1983: 1,781 1984: 1,730 1985*b: 1,339 1986: 1,071 1987: 1,052 1988: 994 1989: 986 1990: 1,003 1991: 1,058 1992: 1,099 1993: 1,114 1994*b: 1,087 1995: 1,138 1996: 1,132 1997: 1,258 1998: 1,237 1999: 1,265 2000: 1,284 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 1,195 1982: 1,028 1983: 1,053 1984: 1,095 1985*b: 1,075 1986: 1,109 1987: 982 1988: 907 1989: 845 1990: 883 1991: 845 1992: 841 1993: 877 1994*b: 854 1995: 777 1996: 747 1997: 742 1998: 833 1999: 838 2000: 822 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 1,185 1982: 918 1983: 952 1984: 980 1985*b: 981 1986: 877 1987: 855 1988: 904 1989: 905 1990: 904 1991: 844 1992: 794 1993: 781 1994*b: 759 1995: 739 1996: 780 1997: 801 1998: 794 1999: 767 2000: 819 Location: DC Survey Year 1981: 1,149 1982: 896 1983: 880 1984: 903 1985*b: 944 1986: 911 1987: 929 1988: 931 1989: 842 1990: 892 1991: 821 1992: 764 1993: 751 1994*b: 736 1995: 776 1996: 736 1997: 750 1998: 743 1999: 692 2000: 750 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 3,144 1982: 3,151 1983: 3,186 1984: 3,109 1985*b: 3,719 1986: 4,013 1987: 4,309 1988: 4,387 1989: 4,572 1990: 4,664 1991: 4,565 1992: 4,288 1993: 4,209 1994*b: 4,179 1995: 3,942 1996: 3,776 1997: 3,682 1998: 3,708 1999: 3,838 2000: 4,107 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 1,856 1982: 1,718 1983: 1,811 1984: 1,708 1985*b: 1,367 1986: 1,095 1987: 1,108 1988: 1,113 1989: 1,110 1990: 1,076 1991: 1,038 1992: 944 1993: 983 1994*b: 1,057 1995: 1,939 1996: 1,267 1997: 1,316 1998: 1,350 1999: 1,265 2000: 1,237 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 1,222 1982: 1,048 1983: 1,058 1984: 1,091 1985*b: 968 1986: 930 1987: 862 1988: 901 1989: 902 1990: 910 1991: 837 1992: 849 1993: 847 1994*b: 790 1995: 765 1996: 831 1997: 800 1998: 694 1999: 721 2000: 778 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 1,331 1982: 1,022 1983: 1,101 1984: 1,206 1985*b: 1,203 1986: 1,179 1987: 1,134 1988: 1,107 1989: 1,126 1990: 1,197 1991: 1,222 1992: 1,117 1993: 1,088 1994*b: 1,191 1995: 1,077 1996: 1,078 1997: 1,106 1998: 1,165 1999: 1,197 2000: 1,150 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 3,883 1982: 3,704 1983: 3,536 1984: 3,604 1985*b: 3,821 1986: 3,969 1987: 3,774 1988: 3,819 1989: 3,852 1990: 3,944 1991: 3,834 1992: 3,888 1993: 3,840 1994*b: 3,677 1995: 3,781 1996: 3,212 1997: 3,235 1998: 3,279 1999: 3,340 2000: 3,459 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 1,975 1982: 1,905 1983: 1,797 1984: 1,755 1985*b: 1,570 1986: 1,485 1987: 1,349 1988: 1,326 1989: 1,082 1990: 1,071 1991: 1,024 1992: 1,000 1993: 1,049 1994*b: 1,028 1995: 855 1996: 947 1997: 990 1998: 1,071 1999: 1,028 2000: 1,030 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 1,667 1982: 1,454 1983: 1,433 1984: 1,463 1985*b: 1,293 1986: 1,104 1987: 1,107 1988: 1,106 1989: 1,056 1990: 1,092 1991: 1,167 1992: 1,162 1993: 1,211 1994*b: 1,066 1995: 940 1996: 952 1997: 954 1998: 979 1999: 920 2000: 963 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 1,433 1982: 1,107 1983: 1,084 1984: 1,113 1985*b: 1,172 1986: 1,089 1987: 1,100 1988: 1,070 1989: 1,040 1990: 1,135 1991: 1,131 1992: 1,092 1993: 1,159 1994*b: 1,054 1995: 1,020 1996: 943 1997: 886 1998: 936 1999: 908 2000: 1,002 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 1,621 1982: 1,319 1983: 1,338 1984: 1,308 1985*b: 1,162 1986: 1,086 1987: 1,106 1988: 1,072 1989: 1,000 1990: 995 1991: 1,043 1992: 1,062 1993: 1,087 1994*b: 1,038 1995: 987 1996: 941 1997: 997 1998: 1,000 1999: 1,019 2000: 1,034 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 1,455 1982: 1,433 1983: 1,371 1984: 1,314 1985*b: 1,208 1986: 1,080 1987: 989 1988: 972 1989: 955 1990: 922 1991: 917 1992: 930 1993: 866 1994*b: 861 1995: 1,007 1996: 974 1997: 1,022 1998: 996 1999: 1,060 2000: 1,040 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 1,425 1982: 1,178 1983: 1,157 1984: 1,204 1985*b: 1,031 1986: 889 1987: 919 1988: 904 1989: 932 1990: 971 1991: 932 1992: 931 1993: 914 1994*b: 901 1995: 748 1996: 791 1997: 805 1998: 800 1999: 822 2000: 854 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 1,665 1982: 1,699 1983: 1,715 1984: 1,721 1985*b: 1,563 1986: 1,402 1987: 1,314 1988: 1,268 1989: 917 1990: 982 1991: 956 1992: 920 1993: 943 1994*b: 840 1995: 869 1996: 901 1997: 882 1998: 897 1999: 843 2000: 873 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 2,253 1982: 2,182 1983: 2,253 1984: 2,266 1985*b: 3,079 1986: 3,647 1987: 3,616 1988: 3,668 1989: 3,565 1990: 3,616 1991: 3,605 1992: 3,535 1993: 3,493 1994*b: 3,486 1995: 3,598 1996: 1,787 1997: 1,797 1998: 1,864 1999: 1,876 2000: 1,762 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 3,345 1982: 3,107 1983: 3,133 1984: 3,004 1985*b: 3,487 1986: 3,814 1987: 3,767 1988: 3,828 1989: 3,712 1990: 3,842 1991: 3,872 1992: 3,878 1993: 3,744 1994*b: 3,677 1995: 3,755 1996: 2,565 1997: 2,628 1998: 2,586 1999: 2,624 2000: 2,714 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 1,686 1982: 1,661 1983: 1,714 1984: 1,894 1985*b: 1,453 1986: 1,138 1987: 1,051 1988: 1,000 1989: 967 1990: 945 1991: 961 1992: 971 1993: 1,046 1994*b: 1,010 1995: 988 1996: 1,065 1997: 1,108 1998: 1,109 1999: 1,048 2000: 1,076 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 1,568 1982: 1,241 1983: 1,224 1984: 1,224 1985*b: 1,148 1986: 1,178 1987: 1,135 1988: 1,190 1989: 1,151 1990: 1,184 1991: 1,177 1992: 1,152 1993: 1,198 1994*b: 1,110 1995: 957 1996: 932 1997: 994 1998: 908 1999: 871 2000: 891 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 1,815 1982: 1,727 1983: 1,742 1984: 1,646 1985*b: 1,587 1986: 1,415 1987: 1,286 1988: 1,259 1989: 1,018 1990: 1,015 1991: 1,006 1992: 1,000 1993: 1,049 1994*b: 951 1995: 829 1996: 907 1997: 903 1998: 876 1999: 865 2000: 924 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 1,491 1982: 1,261 1983: 1,303 1984: 1,346 1985*b: 1,185 1986: 1,244 1987: 1,192 1988: 1,164 1989: 1,156 1990: 1,203 1991: 1,194 1992: 1,077 1993: 1,103 1994*b: 1,105 1995: 1,097 1996: 1,007 1997: 1,023 1998: 1,053 1999: 1,101 2000: 1,034 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 1,517 1982: 1,273 1983: 1,173 1984: 1,163 1985*b: 1,195 1986: 1,136 1987: 1,129 1988: 1,098 1989: 1,066 1990: 1,127 1991: 1,156 1992: 1,159 1993: 1,204 1994*b: 1,126 1995: 1,098 1996: 957 1997: 988 1998: 1,006 1999: 1,030 2000: 1,036 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 1,855 1982: 1,135 1983: 1,044 1984: 1,040 1985*b: 935 1986: 854 1987: 866 1988: 944 1989: 964 1990: 1,027 1991: 1,117 1992: 1,128 1993: 1,043 1994*b: 995 1995: 976 1996: 896 1997: 955 1998: 1,035 1999: 1,195 2000: 1,269 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 1,201 1982: 919 1983: 929 1984: 879 1985*b: 834 1986: 732 1987: 791 1988: 850 1989: 782 1990: 842 1991: 722 1992: 722 1993: 801 1994*b: 710 1995: 713 1996: 762 1997: 711 1998: 768 1999: 814 2000: 803 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 2,854 1982: 2,749 1983: 2,606 1984: 2,578 1985*b: 3,311 1986: 3,996 1987: 3,934 1988: 3,730 1989: 3,749 1990: 3,915 1991: 4,025 1992: 4,092 1993: 3,970 1994*b: 3,966 1995: 3,847 1996: 2,429 1997: 2,510 1998: 2,483 1999: 2,560 2000: 2,499 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 2,018 1982: 1,319 1983: 1,427 1984: 1,489 1985*b: 1,497 1986: 1,354 1987: 1,364 1988: 1,283 1989: 1,359 1990: 1,412 1991: 1,338 1992: 1,307 1993: 1,205 1994*b: 1,156 1995: 1,294 1996: 1,350 1997: 1,468 1998: 1,428 1999: 1,455 2000: 1,348 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 6,204 1982: 5,999 1983: 6,122 1984: 6,066 1985*b: 6,661 1986: 6,770 1987: 6,650 1988: 6,563 1989: 4,301 1990: 7,092 1991: 7,071 1992: 6,786 1993: 6,645 1994*b: 6,349 1995: 6,250 1996: 5,264 1997: 5,358 1998: 5,168 1999: 5,085 2000: 5,305 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 1,866 1982: 1,694 1983: 1,792 1984: 1,834 1985*b: 2,785 1986: 3,591 1987: 3,599 1988: 3,586 1989: 3,661 1990: 3,837 1991: 3,671 1992: 3,634 1993: 3,645 1994*b: 3,438 1995: 3,104 1996: 1,823 1997: 2,034 1998: 1,922 1999: 1,932 2000: 2,005 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 1,549 1982: 1,161 1983: 1,143 1984: 1,128 1985*b: 1,236 1986: 1,153 1987: 1,160 1988: 1,238 1989: 1,173 1990: 1,127 1991: 1,150 1992: 1,178 1993: 1,100 1994*b: 1,145 1995: 997 1996: 886 1997: 912 1998: 915 1999: 896 2000: 863 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 3,804 1982: 3,648 1983: 3,611 1984: 3,539 1985*b: 3,756 1986: 3,888 1987: 3,887 1988: 3,992 1989: 3,953 1990: 3,939 1991: 4,030 1992: 4,023 1993: 4,020 1994*b: 3,875 1995: 3,666 1996: 2,783 1997: 2,714 1998: 2,790 1999: 2,818 2000: 2,800 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 1,559 1982: 1,340 1983: 1,398 1984: 1,337 1985*b: 1,292 1986: 1,254 1987: 1,093 1988: 1,073 1989: 1,029 1990: 1,039 1991: 1,068 1992: 1,110 1993: 1,133 1994*b: 1,150 1995: 1,141 1996: 1,075 1997: 1,095 1998: 1,128 1999: 1,110 2000: 1,105 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 1,669 1982: 1,297 1983: 1,285 1984: 1,313 1985*b: 1,126 1986: 878 1987: 909 1988: 891 1989: 910 1990: 932 1991: 951 1992: 979 1993: 980 1994*b: 972 1995: 999 1996: 987 1997: 951 1998: 997 1999: 1,032 2000: 999 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 3,984 1982: 3,899 1983: 3,864 1984: 3,706 1985*b: 3,892 1986: 3,930 1987: 3,657 1988: 3,750 1989: 3,780 1990: 3,853 1991: 3,887 1992: 3,972 1993: 3,844 1994*b: 3,705 1995: 3,824 1996: 3,195 1997: 3,126 1998: 3,138 1999: 3,209 2000: 3,006 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 1,237 1982: 897 1983: 872 1984: 976 1985*b: 902 1986: 835 1987: 828 1988: 813 1989: 837 1990: 838 1991: 759 1992: 771 1993: 809 1994*b: 801 1995: 754 1996: 781 1997: 744 1998: 736 1999: 778 2000: 757 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 1,242 1982: 1,081 1983: 1,052 1984: 1,039 1985*b: 1,039 1986: 1,108 1987: 1,193 1988: 1,248 1989: 1,209 1990: 1,278 1991: 1,246 1992: 1,226 1993: 1,192 1994*b: 1,092 1995: 939 1996: 815 1997: 860 1998: 856 1999: 793 2000: 788 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 1,554 1982: 1,384 1983: 1,374 1984: 1,361 1985*b: 1,316 1986: 1,285 1987: 1,311 1988: 1,306 1989: 1,237 1990: 1,217 1991: 1,152 1992: 1,166 1993: 1,271 1994*b: 1,229 1995: 1,150 1996: 1,011 1997: 979 1998: 951 1999: 924 2000: 972 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 1,399 1982: 1,391 1983: 1,412 1984: 1,321 1985*b: 1,233 1986: 1,077 1987: 1,096 1988: 1,069 1989: 1,111 1990: 1,074 1991: 1,100 1992: 1,182 1993: 1,170 1994*b: 1,086 1995: 1,011 1996: 967 1997: 986 1998: 1,000 1999: 1,066 2000: 1,067 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 5,432 1982: 5,400 1983: 5,265 1984: 5,349 1985*b: 5,366 1986: 5,079 1987: 5,048 1988: 5,073 1989: 5,197 1990: 5,184 1991: 5,194 1992: 4,956 1993: 4,925 1994*b: 4,861 1995: 4,720 1996: 4,461 1997: 4,540 1998: 4,532 1999: 4,614 2000: 4,824 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 1,913 1982: 1,405 1983: 1,436 1984: 1,413 1985*b: 1,121 1986: 974 1987: 1,060 1988: 1,028 1989: 994 1990: 1,044 1991: 1,081 1992: 1,020 1993: 980 1994*b: 1,013 1995: 995 1996: 1,048 1997: 1,074 1998: 1,086 1999: 1,104 2000: 1,132 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 1,215 1982: 916 1983: 983 1984: 952 1985*b: 856 1986: 813 1987: 824 1988: 828 1989: 831 1990: 793 1991: 761 1992: 783 1993: 674 1994*b: 671 1995: 732 1996: 766 1997: 774 1998: 748 1999: 730 2000: 790 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 1,769 1982: 1,741 1983: 1,857 1984: 1,857 1985*b: 1,552 1986: 1,279 1987: 1,353 1988: 1,417 1989: 1,333 1990: 1,398 1991: 1,438 1992: 1,357 1993: 1,328 1994*b: 1,272 1995: 1,909 1996: 1,149 1997: 1,204 1998: 1,162 1999: 1,162 2000: 1,190 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 1,666 1982: 1,422 1983: 1,419 1984: 1,417 1985*b: 1,208 1986: 985 1987: 1,018 1988: 1,020 1989: 1,067 1990: 1,164 1991: 1,156 1992: 1,030 1993: 958 1994*b: 938 1995: 1,013 1996: 1,010 1997: 1,018 1998: 1,069 1999: 1,098 2000: 1,056 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 1,514 1982: 1,138 1983: 1,157 1984: 1,116 1985*b: 1,110 1986: 1,054 1987: 1,034 1988: 1,021 1989: 1,083 1990: 1,113 1991: 1,100 1992: 1,119 1993: 1,036 1994*b: 996 1995: 1,016 1996: 1,037 1997: 988 1998: 983 1999: 969 2000: 990 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 1,522 1982: 1,522 1983: 1,570 1984: 1,490 1985*b: 1,256 1986: 1,217 1987: 1,273 1988: 1,250 1989: 1,247 1990: 1,265 1991: 1,247 1992: 1,229 1993: 1,318 1994*b: 1,206 1995: 1,120 1996: 1,159 1997: 1,090 1998: 1,058 1999: 1,081 2000: 1,127 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 1,353 1982: 929 1983: 989 1984: 955 1985*b: 956 1986: 855 1987: 707 1988: 783 1989: 825 1990: 863 1991: 823 1992: 808 1993: 780 1994*b: 740 1995: 955 1996: 978 1997: 937 1998: 994 1999: 977 2000: 991 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. These sample size are the number of survey participants used to calculate the estimated percentages in Tables 1, 2, and 4. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A15. Sample Size of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 without Disabilities in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1999.*a Location: United States Employment Year 1980: 99,808 1981: 89,880 1982: 90,389 1983: 89,854 1984*c: #### 1985: #### 1986: #### 1987: #### 1988: #### 1989: #### 1990: #### 1991: #### 1992: #### 1993*c: #### 1994: #### 1995: #### 1996: #### 1997: #### 1998: #### 1999: #### Location: Alabama Employment Year 1980: 1,501 1981: 1,368 1982: 1,400 1983: 1,338 1984*c: 1,119 1985: 835 1986: 1,059 1987: 1,033 1988: 968 1989: 1,017 1990: 1,059 1991: 1,054 1992: 999 1993*c: 936 1994: 1,023 1995: 875 1996: 884 1997: 892 1998: 905 1999: 969 Location: Alaska Employment Year 1980: 1,233 1981: 1,275 1982: 1,361 1983: 1,416 1984*c: 1,448 1985: 1,492 1986: 1,301 1987: 1,189 1988: 1,235 1989: 1,224 1990: 1,226 1991: 1,253 1992: 1,247 1993*c: 1,123 1994: 996 1995: 821 1996: 836 1997: 793 1998: 873 1999: 902 Location: Arizona Employment Year 1980: 1,570 1981: 1,270 1982: 1,199 1983: 1,163 1984*c: 1,051 1985: 922 1986: 918 1987: 1,014 1988: 970 1989: 995 1990: 986 1991: 916 1992: 874 1993*c: 932 1994: 1,094 1995: 1,155 1996: 1,219 1997: 1,263 1998: 1,332 1999: 1,414 Location: Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 1,330 1981: 1,041 1982: 1,115 1983: 1,066 1984*c: 1,040 1985: 907 1986: 979 1987: 1,063 1988: 1,086 1989: 1,039 1990: 1,094 1991: 1,049 1992: 1,007 1993*c: 934 1994: 930 1995: 916 1996: 885 1997: 866 1998: 828 1999: 901 Location: California Employment Year 1980: 8,995 1981: 8,793 1982: 8,835 1983: 8,824 1984*c: 8,659 1985: 7,700 1986: 7,624 1987: 7,711 1988: 4,532 1989: 8,257 1990: 8,441 1991: 8,340 1992: 8,168 1993*c: 7,644 1994: 7,410 1995: 7,108 1996: 7,318 1997: 7,388 1998: 7,462 1999: 7,502 Location: Colorado Employment Year 1980: 1,629 1981: 1,634 1982: 1,668 1983: 1,614 1984*c: 1,234 1985: 1,019 1986: 963 1987: 922 1988: 920 1989: 938 1990: 989 1991: 1,002 1992: 1,025 1993*c: 1,016 1994: 1,063 1995: 1,049 1996: 1,170 1997: 1,148 1998: 1,168 1999: 1,193 Location: Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 1,126 1981: 979 1982: 993 1983: 1,030 1984*c: 1,009 1985: 1,047 1986: 939 1987: 848 1988: 795 1989: 851 1990: 808 1991: 802 1992: 824 1993*c: 794 1994: 738 1995: 711 1996: 702 1997: 774 1998: 771 1999: 772 Location: Delaware Employment Year 1980: 1,097 1981: 842 1982: 886 1983: 934 1984*c: 914 1985: 821 1986: 803 1987: 855 1988: 841 1989: 841 1990: 802 1991: 745 1992: 724 1993*c: 713 1994: 691 1995: 725 1996: 747 1997: 746 1998: 725 1999: 748 Location: DC Employment Year 1980: 1,051 1981: 833 1982: 803 1983: 816 1984*c: 865 1985: 838 1986: 863 1987: 864 1988: 787 1989: 834 1990: 751 1991: 714 1992: 701 1993*c: 683 1994: 715 1995: 670 1996: 688 1997: 693 1998: 636 1999: 689 Location: Florida Employment Year 1980: 2,915 1981: 2,893 1982: 2,922 1983: 2,841 1984*c: 3,426 1985: 3,705 1986: 4,008 1987: 4,071 1988: 4,257 1989: 4,365 1990: 4,260 1991: 3,959 1992: 3,905 1993*c: 3,831 1994: 3,594 1995: 3,463 1996: 3,376 1997: 3,433 1998: 3,539 1999: 3,826 Location: Georgia Employment Year 1980: 1,664 1981: 1,569 1982: 1,664 1983: 1,572 1984*c: 1,240 1985: 990 1986: 1,017 1987: 1,013 1988: 1,012 1989: 986 1990: 958 1991: 865 1992: 900 1993*c: 972 1994: 1,765 1995: 1,153 1996: 1,219 1997: 1,252 1998: 1,163 1999: 1,133 Location: Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 1,138 1981: 979 1982: 989 1983: 1,020 1984*c: 904 1985: 866 1986: 802 1987: 859 1988: 866 1989: 855 1990: 800 1991: 801 1992: 794 1993*c: 736 1994: 717 1995: 794 1996: 752 1997: 649 1998: 688 1999: 739 Location: Idaho Employment Year 1980: 1,223 1981: 948 1982: 1,021 1983: 1,093 1984*c: 1,102 1985: 1,073 1986: 1,041 1987: 1,018 1988: 1,040 1989: 1,103 1990: 1,134 1991: 1,022 1992: 1,015 1993*c: 1,127 1994: 991 1995: 987 1996: 1,022 1997: 1,070 1998: 1,123 1999: 1,075 Location: Illinois Employment Year 1980: 3,639 1981: 3,478 1982: 3,331 1983: 3,384 1984*c: 3,571 1985: 3,753 1986: 3,540 1987: 3,606 1988: 3,627 1989: 3,698 1990: 3,603 1991: 3,676 1992: 3,583 1993*c: 3,413 1994: 3,519 1995: 3,018 1996: 3,020 1997: 3,059 1998: 3,139 1999: 3,258 Location: Indiana Employment Year 1980: 1,857 1981: 1,772 1982: 1,662 1983: 1,627 1984*c: 1,462 1985: 1,386 1986: 1,247 1987: 1,238 1988: 1,027 1989: 1,014 1990: 959 1991: 932 1992: 987 1993*c: 966 1994: 781 1995: 878 1996: 918 1997: 995 1998: 960 1999: 954 Location: Iowa Employment Year 1980: 1,556 1981: 1,354 1982: 1,346 1983: 1,388 1984*c: 1,208 1985: 1,021 1986: 1,032 1987: 1,038 1988: 998 1989: 1,022 1990: 1,097 1991: 1,094 1992: 1,128 1993*c: 996 1994: 876 1995: 892 1996: 897 1997: 920 1998: 871 1999: 918 Location: Kansas Employment Year 1980: 1,329 1981: 1,044 1982: 1,015 1983: 1,051 1984*c: 1,117 1985: 1,027 1986: 1,036 1987: 1,015 1988: 993 1989: 1,061 1990: 1,069 1991: 1,039 1992: 1,095 1993*c: 981 1994: 957 1995: 865 1996: 817 1997: 865 1998: 845 1999: 940 Location: Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 1,487 1981: 1,196 1982: 1,220 1983: 1,205 1984*c: 1,068 1985: 988 1986: 991 1987: 962 1988: 899 1989: 908 1990: 911 1991: 939 1992: 966 1993*c: 921 1994: 859 1995: 814 1996: 892 1997: 883 1998: 899 1999: 919 Location: Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 1,330 1981: 1,285 1982: 1,249 1983: 1,205 1984*c: 1,109 1985: 969 1986: 892 1987: 874 1988: 857 1989: 833 1990: 839 1991: 863 1992: 787 1993*c: 754 1994: 915 1995: 872 1996: 928 1997: 911 1998: 956 1999: 934 Location: Maine Employment Year 1980: 1,310 1981: 1,096 1982: 1,064 1983: 1,103 1984*c: 942 1985: 809 1986: 843 1987: 812 1988: 857 1989: 893 1990: 863 1991: 856 1992: 821 1993*c: 818 1994: 660 1995: 720 1996: 725 1997: 711 1998: 736 1999: 780 Location: Maryland Employment Year 1980: 1,570 1981: 1,597 1982: 1,612 1983: 1,612 1984*c: 1,448 1985: 1,325 1986: 1,242 1987: 1,206 1988: 860 1989: 920 1990: 908 1991: 868 1992: 894 1993*c: 774 1994: 812 1995: 839 1996: 828 1997: 846 1998: 793 1999: 815 Location: Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 2,111 1981: 2,042 1982: 2,135 1983: 2,131 1984*c: 2,893 1985: 3,396 1986: 3,424 1987: 3,453 1988: 3,344 1989: 3,368 1990: 3,326 1991: 3,299 1992: 3,269 1993*c: 3,263 1994: 3,326 1995: 1,639 1996: 1,654 1997: 1,710 1998: 1,750 1999: 1,640 Location: Michigan Employment Year 1980: 3,085 1981: 2,843 1982: 2,875 1983: 2,721 1984*c: 3,138 1985: 3,463 1986: 3,439 1987: 3,517 1988: 3,401 1989: 3,495 1990: 3,537 1991: 3,544 1992: 3,429 1993*c: 3,357 1994: 3,427 1995: 2,363 1996: 2,405 1997: 2,377 1998: 2,425 1999: 2,495 Location: Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 1,587 1981: 1,566 1982: 1,606 1983: 1,763 1984*c: 1,353 1985: 1,065 1986: 967 1987: 931 1988: 914 1989: 886 1990: 895 1991: 889 1992: 975 1993*c: 931 1994: 926 1995: 1,011 1996: 1,035 1997: 1,038 1998: 992 1999: 1,008 Location: Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 1,393 1981: 1,111 1982: 1,102 1983: 1,099 1984*c: 1,009 1985: 1,070 1986: 1,024 1987: 1,064 1988: 1,026 1989: 1,063 1990: 1,050 1991: 1,038 1992: 1,081 1993*c: 999 1994: 871 1995: 838 1996: 903 1997: 820 1998: 792 1999: 799 Location: Missouri Employment Year 1980: 1,685 1981: 1,584 1982: 1,605 1983: 1,520 1984*c: 1,466 1985: 1,307 1986: 1,193 1987: 1,169 1988: 937 1989: 942 1990: 926 1991: 931 1992: 956 1993*c: 876 1994: 757 1995: 853 1996: 821 1997: 806 1998: 806 1999: 869 Location: Montana Employment Year 1980: 1,384 1981: 1,192 1982: 1,193 1983: 1,228 1984*c: 1,099 1985: 1,131 1986: 1,088 1987: 1,053 1988: 1,044 1989: 1,099 1990: 1,101 1991: 985 1992: 1,016 1993*c: 1,013 1994: 998 1995: 911 1996: 923 1997: 962 1998: 995 1999: 948 Location: Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 1,409 1981: 1,205 1982: 1,108 1983: 1,099 1984*c: 1,138 1985: 1,089 1986: 1,066 1987: 1,036 1988: 1,016 1989: 1,070 1990: 1,082 1991: 1,094 1992: 1,137 1993*c: 1,062 1994: 1,044 1995: 897 1996: 925 1997: 937 1998: 969 1999: 956 Location: Nevada Employment Year 1980: 1,715 1981: 1,083 1982: 991 1983: 981 1984*c: 877 1985: 799 1986: 814 1987: 871 1988: 899 1989: 975 1990: 1,054 1991: 1,051 1992: 983 1993*c: 918 1994: 905 1995: 833 1996: 903 1997: 972 1998: 1,128 1999: 1,185 Location: New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 1,141 1981: 842 1982: 853 1983: 814 1984*c: 785 1985: 698 1986: 734 1987: 806 1988: 735 1989: 790 1990: 678 1991: 678 1992: 741 1993*c: 662 1994: 666 1995: 707 1996: 644 1997: 710 1998: 758 1999: 727 Location: New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 2,697 1981: 2,560 1982: 2,435 1983: 2,442 1984*c: 3,123 1985: 3,763 1986: 3,690 1987: 3,546 1988: 3,591 1989: 3,742 1990: 3,860 1991: 3,900 1992: 3,769 1993*c: 3,742 1994: 3,638 1995: 2,293 1996: 2,334 1997: 2,339 1998: 2,411 1999: 2,354 Location: New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 1,846 1981: 1,169 1982: 1,306 1983: 1,380 1984*c: 1,391 1985: 1,267 1986: 1,250 1987: 1,190 1988: 1,260 1989: 1,297 1990: 1,223 1991: 1,206 1992: 1,088 1993*c: 1,025 1994: 1,181 1995: 1,219 1996: 1,330 1997: 1,311 1998: 1,342 1999: 1,238 Location: New York Employment Year 1980: 5,778 1981: 5,560 1982: 5,725 1983: 5,631 1984*c: 6,161 1985: 6,293 1986: 6,242 1987: 6,162 1988: 4,020 1989: 6,648 1990: 6,579 1991: 6,344 1992: 6,185 1993*c: 5,870 1994: 5,750 1995: 4,867 1996: 4,928 1997: 4,771 1998: 4,648 1999: 4,850 Location: North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 1,710 1981: 1,539 1982: 1,643 1983: 1,695 1984*c: 2,534 1985: 3,297 1986: 3,340 1987: 3,321 1988: 3,381 1989: 3,549 1990: 3,418 1991: 3,365 1992: 3,362 1993*c: 3,127 1994: 2,832 1995: 1,675 1996: 1,886 1997: 1,755 1998: 1,768 1999: 1,842 Location: North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 1,442 1981: 1,083 1982: 1,084 1983: 1,063 1984*c: 1,162 1985: 1,089 1986: 1,098 1987: 1,156 1988: 1,101 1989: 1,050 1990: 1,073 1991: 1,109 1992: 1,044 1993*c: 1,078 1994: 935 1995: 846 1996: 857 1997: 856 1998: 845 1999: 802 Location: Ohio Employment Year 1980: 3,506 1981: 3,381 1982: 3,354 1983: 3,245 1984*c: 3,443 1985: 3,600 1986: 3,624 1987: 3,727 1988: 3,665 1989: 3,656 1990: 3,735 1991: 3,720 1992: 3,725 1993*c: 3,569 1994: 3,385 1995: 2,554 1996: 2,496 1997: 2,566 1998: 2,565 1999: 2,558 Location: Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 1,437 1981: 1,225 1982: 1,278 1983: 1,230 1984*c: 1,206 1985: 1,156 1986: 1,012 1987: 1,006 1988: 936 1989: 953 1990: 976 1991: 1,011 1992: 1,050 1993*c: 1,041 1994: 1,044 1995: 988 1996: 999 1997: 1,010 1998: 996 1999: 992 Location: Oregon Employment Year 1980: 1,518 1981: 1,177 1982: 1,176 1983: 1,191 1984*c: 1,035 1985: 811 1986: 840 1987: 804 1988: 825 1989: 861 1990: 870 1991: 887 1992: 894 1993*c: 903 1994: 921 1995: 898 1996: 873 1997: 923 1998: 963 1999: 933 Location: Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 3,645 1981: 3,610 1982: 3,595 1983: 3,419 1984*c: 3,577 1985: 3,613 1986: 3,361 1987: 3,478 1988: 3,531 1989: 3,602 1990: 3,613 1991: 3,654 1992: 3,512 1993*c: 3,398 1994: 3,497 1995: 2,927 1996: 2,850 1997: 2,873 1998: 2,957 1999: 2,776 Location: Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 1,117 1981: 822 1982: 791 1983: 885 1984*c: 819 1985: 766 1986: 772 1987: 749 1988: 771 1989: 775 1990: 703 1991: 718 1992: 742 1993*c: 745 1994: 696 1995: 696 1996: 672 1997: 667 1998: 722 1999: 670 Location: South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 1,146 1981: 1,009 1982: 978 1983: 959 1984*c: 953 1985: 1,017 1986: 1,092 1987: 1,171 1988: 1,127 1989: 1,164 1990: 1,142 1991: 1,107 1992: 1,091 1993*c: 993 1994: 844 1995: 744 1996: 789 1997: 781 1998: 718 1999: 729 Location: South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 1,475 1981: 1,302 1982: 1,280 1983: 1,289 1984*c: 1,238 1985: 1,184 1986: 1,238 1987: 1,232 1988: 1,168 1989: 1,137 1990: 1,068 1991: 1,077 1992: 1,155 1993*c: 1,138 1994: 1,070 1995: 926 1996: 912 1997: 887 1998: 857 1999: 905 Location: Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 1,297 1981: 1,275 1982: 1,266 1983: 1,196 1984*c: 1,120 1985: 957 1986: 976 1987: 969 1988: 998 1989: 973 1990: 1,021 1991: 1,057 1992: 1,031 1993*c: 944 1994: 899 1995: 871 1996: 847 1997: 895 1998: 977 1999: 959 Location: Texas Employment Year 1980: 5,036 1981: 5,059 1982: 4,962 1983: 5,006 1984*c: 5,022 1985: 4,763 1986: 4,684 1987: 4,713 1988: 4,854 1989: 4,818 1990: 4,849 1991: 4,605 1992: 4,602 1993*c: 4,517 1994: 4,381 1995: 4,131 1996: 4,245 1997: 4,209 1998: 4,310 1999: 4,515 Location: Utah Employment Year 1980: 1,803 1981: 1,320 1982: 1,342 1983: 1,333 1984*c: 1,051 1985: 912 1986: 1,013 1987: 980 1988: 936 1989: 976 1990: 1,025 1991: 959 1992: 929 1993*c: 945 1994: 936 1995: 984 1996: 1,019 1997: 1,023 1998: 1,043 1999: 1,055 Location: Vermont Employment Year 1980: 1,107 1981: 847 1982: 903 1983: 879 1984*c: 804 1985: 767 1986: 766 1987: 762 1988: 781 1989: 749 1990: 708 1991: 716 1992: 614 1993*c: 611 1994: 678 1995: 718 1996: 707 1997: 680 1998: 674 1999: 723 Location: Virginia Employment Year 1980: 1,629 1981: 1,619 1982: 1,725 1983: 1,749 1984*c: 1,445 1985: 1,187 1986: 1,257 1987: 1,319 1988: 1,245 1989: 1,298 1990: 1,340 1991: 1,266 1992: 1,252 1993*c: 1,204 1994: 1,776 1995: 1,039 1996: 1,099 1997: 1,070 1998: 1,085 1999: 1,106 Location: Washington Employment Year 1980: 1,501 1981: 1,309 1982: 1,304 1983: 1,316 1984*c: 1,113 1985: 892 1986: 929 1987: 951 1988: 1,000 1989: 1,079 1990: 1,037 1991: 939 1992: 892 1993*c: 872 1994: 924 1995: 921 1996: 932 1997: 996 1998: 1,017 1999: 978 Location: West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 1,345 1981: 1,006 1982: 1,023 1983: 991 1984*c: 987 1985: 946 1986: 930 1987: 916 1988: 965 1989: 994 1990: 993 1991: 999 1992: 905 1993*c: 858 1994: 871 1995: 907 1996: 834 1997: 856 1998: 848 1999: 864 Location: Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 1,434 1981: 1,426 1982: 1,475 1983: 1,395 1984*c: 1,167 1985: 1,156 1986: 1,203 1987: 1,189 1988: 1,174 1989: 1,172 1990: 1,168 1991: 1,156 1992: 1,218 1993*c: 1,115 1994: 1,049 1995: 1,081 1996: 1,003 1997: 973 1998: 1,002 1999: 1,040 Location: Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 1,279 1981: 868 1982: 921 1983: 902 1984*c: 892 1985: 791 1986: 652 1987: 725 1988: 759 1989: 794 1990: 770 1991: 742 1992: 727 1993*c: 688 1994: 894 1995: 900 1996: 858 1997: 926 1998: 902 1999: 917 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with disabilities are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A16. Sample Size of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 18 through 64 with Disabilities in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1999.*a Location: United States Employment Year 1980: 7,983 1981: 7,228 1982: 7,043 1983: 7,002 1984*c: 7,214 1985: 6,867 1986: 6,699 1987: 6,462 1988: 6,014 1989: 6,607 1990: 6,629 1991: 6,723 1992: 6,852 1993*c: 6,944 1994: 6,909 1995: 6,026 1996: 6,222 1997: 6,056 1998: 5,901 1999: 6,078 Location: Alabama Employment Year 1980: 152 1981: 135 1982: 111 1983: 120 1984*c: 89 1985: 84 1986: 93 1987: 89 1988: 86 1989: 101 1990: 110 1991: 115 1992: 91 1993*c: 129 1994: 99 1995: 98 1996: 101 1997: 104 1998: 107 1999: 97 Location: Alaska Employment Year 1980: 81 1981: 72 1982: 89 1983: 71 1984*c: 75 1985: 71 1986: 79 1987: 59 1988: 72 1989: 66 1990: 72 1991: 76 1992: 67 1993*c: 77 1994: 66 1995: 54 1996: 60 1997: 66 1998: 60 1999: 67 Location: Arizona Employment Year 1980: 133 1981: 120 1982: 98 1983: 100 1984*c: 86 1985: 79 1986: 90 1987: 67 1988: 66 1989: 71 1990: 61 1991: 66 1992: 85 1993*c: 76 1994: 86 1995: 71 1996: 104 1997: 91 1998: 78 1999: 80 Location: Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 185 1981: 140 1982: 151 1983: 117 1984*c: 124 1985: 124 1986: 138 1987: 128 1988: 120 1989: 96 1990: 105 1991: 124 1992: 126 1993*c: 122 1994: 91 1995: 128 1996: 119 1997: 112 1998: 106 1999: 97 Location: California Employment Year 1980: 636 1981: 739 1982: 671 1983: 639 1984*c: 670 1985: 569 1986: 556 1987: 542 1988: 321 1989: 551 1990: 560 1991: 534 1992: 623 1993*c: 550 1994: 534 1995: 502 1996: 527 1997: 506 1998: 487 1999: 538 Location: Colorado Employment Year 1980: 86 1981: 103 1982: 113 1983: 116 1984*c: 105 1985: 52 1986: 89 1987: 72 1988: 66 1989: 65 1990: 69 1991: 97 1992: 89 1993*c: 71 1994: 75 1995: 83 1996: 88 1997: 89 1998: 97 1999: 91 Location: Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 69 1981: 49 1982: 60 1983: 65 1984*c: 66 1985: 62 1986: 43 1987: 59 1988: 50 1989: 32 1990: 37 1991: 39 1992: 53 1993*c: 60 1994: 39 1995: 36 1996: 40 1997: 59 1998: 67 1999: 50 Location: Delaware Employment Year 1980: 88 1981: 76 1982: 66 1983: 46 1984*c: 67 1985: 56 1986: 52 1987: 49 1988: 64 1989: 63 1990: 42 1991: 49 1992: 57 1993*c: 46 1994: 48 1995: 55 1996: 54 1997: 48 1998: 42 1999: 71 Location: DC Employment Year 1980: 98 1981: 63 1982: 77 1983: 87 1984*c: 79 1985: 73 1986: 66 1987: 67 1988: 55 1989: 58 1990: 70 1991: 50 1992: 50 1993*c: 53 1994: 61 1995: 66 1996: 62 1997: 50 1998: 56 1999: 61 Location: Florida Employment Year 1980: 229 1981: 258 1982: 264 1983: 268 1984*c: 293 1985: 308 1986: 301 1987: 316 1988: 315 1989: 299 1990: 305 1991: 329 1992: 304 1993*c: 348 1994: 348 1995: 313 1996: 306 1997: 275 1998: 299 1999: 281 Location: Georgia Employment Year 1980: 192 1981: 149 1982: 147 1983: 136 1984*c: 127 1985: 105 1986: 91 1987: 100 1988: 98 1989: 90 1990: 80 1991: 79 1992: 83 1993*c: 85 1994: 174 1995: 114 1996: 97 1997: 98 1998: 102 1999: 104 Location: Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 84 1981: 69 1982: 69 1983: 71 1984*c: 64 1985: 64 1986: 60 1987: 42 1988: 36 1989: 55 1990: 37 1991: 48 1992: 53 1993*c: 54 1994: 48 1995: 37 1996: 48 1997: 45 1998: 33 1999: 39 Location: Idaho Employment Year 1980: 108 1981: 74 1982: 80 1983: 113 1984*c: 101 1985: 106 1986: 93 1987: 89 1988: 86 1989: 94 1990: 88 1991: 95 1992: 73 1993*c: 64 1994: 86 1995: 91 1996: 84 1997: 95 1998: 74 1999: 75 Location: Illinois Employment Year 1980: 244 1981: 226 1982: 205 1983: 220 1984*c: 250 1985: 216 1986: 234 1987: 213 1988: 225 1989: 246 1990: 231 1991: 212 1992: 257 1993*c: 264 1994: 262 1995: 194 1996: 215 1997: 220 1998: 201 1999: 201 Location: Indiana Employment Year 1980: 118 1981: 133 1982: 135 1983: 128 1984*c: 108 1985: 99 1986: 102 1987: 88 1988: 55 1989: 57 1990: 65 1991: 68 1992: 62 1993*c: 62 1994: 74 1995: 69 1996: 72 1997: 76 1998: 68 1999: 76 Location: Iowa Employment Year 1980: 111 1981: 100 1982: 87 1983: 75 1984*c: 85 1985: 83 1986: 75 1987: 68 1988: 58 1989: 70 1990: 70 1991: 68 1992: 83 1993*c: 70 1994: 64 1995: 60 1996: 57 1997: 59 1998: 49 1999: 45 Location: Kansas Employment Year 1980: 104 1981: 63 1982: 69 1983: 62 1984*c: 55 1985: 62 1986: 64 1987: 55 1988: 47 1989: 74 1990: 62 1991: 53 1992: 64 1993*c: 73 1994: 63 1995: 78 1996: 69 1997: 71 1998: 63 1999: 62 Location: Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 134 1981: 123 1982: 118 1983: 103 1984*c: 94 1985: 98 1986: 115 1987: 110 1988: 101 1989: 87 1990: 132 1991: 123 1992: 121 1993*c: 117 1994: 128 1995: 127 1996: 105 1997: 117 1998: 120 1999: 115 Location: Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 125 1981: 148 1982: 122 1983: 109 1984*c: 99 1985: 111 1986: 97 1987: 98 1988: 98 1989: 89 1990: 78 1991: 67 1992: 79 1993*c: 107 1994: 92 1995: 102 1996: 94 1997: 85 1998: 104 1999: 106 Location: Maine Employment Year 1980: 115 1981: 82 1982: 93 1983: 101 1984*c: 89 1985: 80 1986: 76 1987: 92 1988: 75 1989: 78 1990: 69 1991: 75 1992: 93 1993*c: 83 1994: 88 1995: 71 1996: 80 1997: 89 1998: 86 1999: 74 Location: Maryland Employment Year 1980: 95 1981: 102 1982: 103 1983: 109 1984*c: 115 1985: 77 1986: 72 1987: 62 1988: 57 1989: 62 1990: 48 1991: 52 1992: 49 1993*c: 66 1994: 57 1995: 62 1996: 54 1997: 51 1998: 50 1999: 58 Location: Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 142 1981: 140 1982: 118 1983: 135 1984*c: 186 1985: 251 1986: 192 1987: 215 1988: 221 1989: 248 1990: 279 1991: 236 1992: 224 1993*c: 223 1994: 272 1995: 148 1996: 143 1997: 154 1998: 126 1999: 122 Location: Michigan Employment Year 1980: 260 1981: 264 1982: 258 1983: 283 1984*c: 349 1985: 351 1986: 328 1987: 311 1988: 311 1989: 347 1990: 335 1991: 334 1992: 315 1993*c: 320 1994: 328 1995: 202 1996: 223 1997: 209 1998: 199 1999: 219 Location: Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 99 1981: 95 1982: 108 1983: 131 1984*c: 100 1985: 73 1986: 84 1987: 69 1988: 53 1989: 59 1990: 66 1991: 82 1992: 71 1993*c: 79 1994: 62 1995: 54 1996: 73 1997: 71 1998: 56 1999: 68 Location: Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 175 1981: 130 1982: 122 1983: 125 1984*c: 139 1985: 108 1986: 111 1987: 126 1988: 125 1989: 121 1990: 127 1991: 114 1992: 117 1993*c: 111 1994: 86 1995: 94 1996: 91 1997: 88 1998: 79 1999: 92 Location: Missouri Employment Year 1980: 130 1981: 143 1982: 137 1983: 126 1984*c: 121 1985: 108 1986: 93 1987: 90 1988: 81 1989: 73 1990: 80 1991: 69 1992: 93 1993*c: 75 1994: 72 1995: 54 1996: 82 1997: 70 1998: 59 1999: 55 Location: Montana Employment Year 1980: 107 1981: 69 1982: 110 1983: 118 1984*c: 86 1985: 113 1986: 104 1987: 111 1988: 112 1989: 104 1990: 93 1991: 92 1992: 87 1993*c: 92 1994: 99 1995: 96 1996: 100 1997: 91 1998: 106 1999: 86 Location: Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 108 1981: 68 1982: 65 1983: 64 1984*c: 57 1985: 47 1986: 63 1987: 62 1988: 50 1989: 57 1990: 74 1991: 65 1992: 67 1993*c: 64 1994: 54 1995: 60 1996: 63 1997: 69 1998: 61 1999: 80 Location: Nevada Employment Year 1980: 140 1981: 52 1982: 53 1983: 59 1984*c: 58 1985: 55 1986: 52 1987: 73 1988: 65 1989: 52 1990: 63 1991: 77 1992: 60 1993*c: 77 1994: 71 1995: 63 1996: 52 1997: 63 1998: 67 1999: 84 Location: New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 60 1981: 77 1982: 76 1983: 65 1984*c: 49 1985: 34 1986: 57 1987: 44 1988: 47 1989: 52 1990: 44 1991: 44 1992: 60 1993*c: 48 1994: 47 1995: 55 1996: 67 1997: 58 1998: 56 1999: 76 Location: New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 157 1981: 189 1982: 171 1983: 136 1984*c: 188 1985: 233 1986: 244 1987: 184 1988: 158 1989: 173 1990: 165 1991: 192 1992: 201 1993*c: 224 1994: 209 1995: 136 1996: 176 1997: 144 1998: 149 1999: 145 Location: New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 172 1981: 150 1982: 121 1983: 109 1984*c: 106 1985: 87 1986: 114 1987: 93 1988: 99 1989: 115 1990: 115 1991: 101 1992: 117 1993*c: 131 1994: 113 1995: 131 1996: 138 1997: 117 1998: 113 1999: 110 Location: New York Employment Year 1980: 426 1981: 439 1982: 397 1983: 435 1984*c: 500 1985: 477 1986: 408 1987: 401 1988: 281 1989: 444 1990: 492 1991: 442 1992: 460 1993*c: 479 1994: 500 1995: 397 1996: 430 1997: 397 1998: 437 1999: 455 Location: North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 156 1981: 155 1982: 149 1983: 139 1984*c: 251 1985: 294 1986: 259 1987: 265 1988: 280 1989: 288 1990: 253 1991: 269 1992: 283 1993*c: 311 1994: 272 1995: 148 1996: 148 1997: 167 1998: 164 1999: 163 Location: North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 107 1981: 78 1982: 59 1983: 65 1984*c: 74 1985: 64 1986: 62 1987: 82 1988: 72 1989: 77 1990: 77 1991: 69 1992: 56 1993*c: 67 1994: 62 1995: 40 1996: 55 1997: 59 1998: 51 1999: 61 Location: Ohio Employment Year 1980: 298 1981: 267 1982: 257 1983: 294 1984*c: 313 1985: 288 1986: 263 1987: 265 1988: 288 1989: 283 1990: 295 1991: 303 1992: 295 1993*c: 306 1994: 281 1995: 229 1996: 218 1997: 224 1998: 253 1999: 242 Location: Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 122 1981: 115 1982: 120 1983: 107 1984*c: 86 1985: 98 1986: 81 1987: 67 1988: 93 1989: 86 1990: 92 1991: 99 1992: 83 1993*c: 109 1994: 97 1995: 87 1996: 96 1997: 118 1998: 114 1999: 113 Location: Oregon Employment Year 1980: 151 1981: 120 1982: 109 1983: 122 1984*c: 91 1985: 67 1986: 69 1987: 87 1988: 85 1989: 71 1990: 81 1991: 92 1992: 86 1993*c: 69 1994: 78 1995: 89 1996: 78 1997: 74 1998: 69 1999: 66 Location: Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 339 1981: 289 1982: 269 1983: 287 1984*c: 315 1985: 317 1986: 296 1987: 272 1988: 249 1989: 251 1990: 274 1991: 318 1992: 332 1993*c: 307 1994: 327 1995: 268 1996: 276 1997: 265 1998: 252 1999: 230 Location: Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 120 1981: 75 1982: 81 1983: 91 1984*c: 83 1985: 69 1986: 56 1987: 64 1988: 66 1989: 63 1990: 56 1991: 53 1992: 67 1993*c: 56 1994: 58 1995: 85 1996: 72 1997: 69 1998: 56 1999: 87 Location: South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 96 1981: 72 1982: 74 1983: 80 1984*c: 86 1985: 91 1986: 101 1987: 77 1988: 82 1989: 114 1990: 104 1991: 119 1992: 101 1993*c: 99 1994: 95 1995: 71 1996: 71 1997: 75 1998: 75 1999: 59 Location: South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 79 1981: 82 1982: 94 1983: 72 1984*c: 78 1985: 101 1986: 73 1987: 74 1988: 69 1989: 80 1990: 84 1991: 89 1992: 116 1993*c: 91 1994: 80 1995: 85 1996: 67 1997: 64 1998: 67 1999: 67 Location: Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 102 1981: 116 1982: 146 1983: 125 1984*c: 113 1985: 120 1986: 120 1987: 100 1988: 113 1989: 101 1990: 79 1991: 125 1992: 139 1993*c: 142 1994: 112 1995: 96 1996: 139 1997: 105 1998: 89 1999: 108 Location: Texas Employment Year 1980: 396 1981: 341 1982: 303 1983: 343 1984*c: 344 1985: 316 1986: 364 1987: 360 1988: 343 1989: 366 1990: 345 1991: 351 1992: 323 1993*c: 344 1994: 339 1995: 330 1996: 295 1997: 323 1998: 304 1999: 309 Location: Utah Employment Year 1980: 110 1981: 85 1982: 94 1983: 80 1984*c: 70 1985: 62 1986: 47 1987: 48 1988: 58 1989: 68 1990: 56 1991: 61 1992: 51 1993*c: 68 1994: 59 1995: 64 1996: 55 1997: 63 1998: 61 1999: 77 Location: Vermont Employment Year 1980: 108 1981: 69 1982: 80 1983: 73 1984*c: 52 1985: 46 1986: 58 1987: 66 1988: 50 1989: 44 1990: 53 1991: 67 1992: 60 1993*c: 60 1994: 54 1995: 48 1996: 67 1997: 68 1998: 56 1999: 67 Location: Virginia Employment Year 1980: 140 1981: 122 1982: 132 1983: 108 1984*c: 107 1985: 92 1986: 96 1987: 98 1988: 88 1989: 100 1990: 98 1991: 91 1992: 76 1993*c: 68 1994: 133 1995: 110 1996: 105 1997: 92 1998: 77 1999: 84 Location: Washington Employment Year 1980: 165 1981: 113 1982: 115 1983: 101 1984*c: 95 1985: 93 1986: 89 1987: 69 1988: 67 1989: 85 1990: 119 1991: 91 1992: 66 1993*c: 66 1994: 89 1995: 89 1996: 86 1997: 73 1998: 81 1999: 78 Location: West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 169 1981: 132 1982: 134 1983: 125 1984*c: 123 1985: 108 1986: 104 1987: 105 1988: 118 1989: 119 1990: 107 1991: 120 1992: 131 1993*c: 138 1994: 145 1995: 130 1996: 154 1997: 127 1998: 121 1999: 126 Location: Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 88 1981: 96 1982: 95 1983: 95 1984*c: 89 1985: 61 1986: 70 1987: 61 1988: 73 1989: 93 1990: 79 1991: 73 1992: 100 1993*c: 91 1994: 71 1995: 78 1996: 87 1997: 85 1998: 79 1999: 87 Location: Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 74 1981: 61 1982: 68 1983: 53 1984*c: 64 1985: 64 1986: 55 1987: 58 1988: 66 1989: 69 1990: 53 1991: 66 1992: 53 1993*c: 52 1994: 61 1995: 78 1996: 79 1997: 68 1998: 75 1999: 74 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. Persons with disabilities are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Table A17. Correlation Coefficient of Work Limitations Status from Year to Year in the United States, Survey Years 1981 to 2000.*a Pair of Consecutive Survey Years Definition of Disability - Work Limitations*b Survey Years: 1981 to 1982 Work Limitations*b: 0.5521 Survey Years: 1982 to 1983 Work Limitations*b: 0.5631 Survey Years: 1983 to 1984 Work Limitations*b: 0.5556 Survey Years: 1984 to 1985d Work Limitations*b: 0.5556 Survey Years: 1985 to 1986e Work Limitations*b: 0.5495 Survey Years: 1986 to 1987 Work Limitations*b: 0.5679 Survey Years: 1987 to 1988 Work Limitations*b: 0.5668 Survey Years: 1988 to 1989 Work Limitations*b: 0.5497 Survey Years: 1989 to 1990 Work Limitations*b: 0.5673 Survey Years: 1990 to 1991 Work Limitations*b: 0.5606 Survey Years: 1991 to 1992 Work Limitations*b: 0.5774 Survey Years: 1992 to 1993 Work Limitations*b: 0.5801 Survey Years: 1993 to 1994d Work Limitations*b: 0.5959 Survey Years: 1994 to 1995e Work Limitations*b: 0.5959 Survey Years: 1995 to 1996 Work Limitations*b: 0.5872 Survey Years: 1996 to 1997 Work Limitations*b: 0.5848 Survey Years: 1997 to 1998 Work Limitations*b: 0.6138 Survey Years: 1998 to 1999 Work Limitations*b: 0.6394 Survey Years: 1999 to 2000 Work Limitations*b: 0.5985 Source: Authors' calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. In the March CPS of any given year, approximately half of the households were surveyed the previous March, while the remaining households are eligible to be surveyed the following March. These estimated correlation coefficients measure the degree to which a person's disability status in one year is related to their disability status in the next year. b. Persons with work limitations are defined as those who report having or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." c. Persons with work disabilities fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have work limitations, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. d. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. e. It is not possible to identify individuals who are in both the March 1985 and March 1986 surveys; therefore estimated correlation coefficients for 1985 to 1986 are not available. A conservative proxy is the larger of the values form 1984 to 1985 and 1986 to 1987. This problem occurs for 1995 to 1996, as well. Table A18. Correlation Coefficient of Employment from Year to Year in the United States, Employment Years 1980 through 1999.*a,*b Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1980 to 1981 Without Disabilities: 0.7648 With Disabilities: 0.6842 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1981 to 1982 Without Disabilities: 0.7156 With Disabilities: 0.7560 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1982 to 1983 Without Disabilities: 0.7481 With Disabilities: 0.7180 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1983 to 1984*c Without Disabilities: 0.7435 With Disabilities: 0.6908 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1984 to 1985*d Without Disabilities: 0.7518 With Disabilities: 0.6981 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1985 to 1986 Without Disabilities: 0.7518 With Disabilities: 0.6981 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1986 to 1987 Without Disabilities: 0.7436 With Disabilities: 0.6677 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1987 to 1988 Without Disabilities: 0.7465 With Disabilities: 0.7163 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1988 to 1989 Without Disabilities: 0.7369 With Disabilities: 0.7106 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1989 to 1990 Without Disabilities: 0.7478 With Disabilities: 0.7141 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1990 to 1991 Without Disabilities: 0.7345 With Disabilities: 0.6960 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1991 to 1992 Without Disabilities: 0.7165 With Disabilities: 0.6954 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1992 to 1993*c Without Disabilities: 0.7139 With Disabilities: 0.7000 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1993 to 1994*c Without Disabilities: 0.7143 With Disabilities: 0.6940 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1994 to 1995*d Without Disabilities: 0.7143 With Disabilities: 0.7000 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1995 to 1996 Without Disabilities: 0.7124 With Disabilities: 0.7000 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1996 to 1997 Without Disabilities: 0.6988 With Disabilities: 0.6997 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1997 to 1998 Without Disabilities: 0.6824 With Disabilities: 0.7160 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1998 to 1999 Without Disabilities: 0.7025 With Disabilities: 0.6945 Source: Authors' calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. In the March CPS of any given year, approximately half of the households were surveyed the prior March, while the remaining households are eligible to be surveyed the following March. These estimated correlation coefficients measure the degree to which people's disability status in one year are related to their disability status in the next year. b. Persons with disabilities are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year", at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increases the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes effected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. d. It is not possible to identify individuals that are in both the March 1985 and March 1986 surveys, therefore estimated correlation coefficients for employment years 1984 to 1985 are not available. A conservative proxy is provided - the larger of the values from employment years 1983 to 1984 and 1985 to 1986. This problem occurs for employment years 1994 to 1995, as well. Table A19. Correlation Coefficient of Household Size-Adjusted Income from Year to Year in the United States, Income Years 1980 through 1999.*a,*b Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1980 to 1981 Without Disabilities: 0.7425 With Disabilities: 0.6687 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1981 to 1982 Without Disabilities: 0.7353 With Disabilities: 0.7010 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1982 to 1983 Without Disabilities: 0.7474 With Disabilities: 0.7012 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1983 to 1984*c Without Disabilities: 0.7590 With Disabilities: 0.6546 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1984 to 1985*d Without Disabilities: 0.7590 With Disabilities: 0.6925 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1985 to 1986 Without Disabilities: 0.7576 With Disabilities: 0.6925 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1986 to 1987 Without Disabilities: 0.7589 With Disabilities: 0.7194 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1987 to 1988 Without Disabilities: 0.7375 With Disabilities: 0.6986 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1988 to 1989 Without Disabilities: 0.7567 With Disabilities: 0.7006 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1989 to 1990 Without Disabilities: 0.7490 With Disabilities: 0.7188 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1990 to 1991 Without Disabilities: 0.7475 With Disabilities: 0.7060 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1991 to 1992 Without Disabilities: 0.7749 With Disabilities: 0.7372 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1992 to 1993*c Without Disabilities: 0.7498 With Disabilities: 0.7361 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1993 to 1994*c Without Disabilities: 0.7350 With Disabilities: 0.6492 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1994 to 1995*d Without Disabilities: 0.7350 With Disabilities: 0.7039 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1995 to 1996 Without Disabilities: 0.7075 With Disabilities: 0.7039 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1996 to 1997 Without Disabilities: 0.7113 With Disabilities: 0.6758 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1997 to 1998 Without Disabilities: 0.6969 With Disabilities: 0.6614 Pair of Consecutive Income Years: 1998 to 1999 Without Disabilities: 0.7147 With Disabilities: 0.6567 Source: Authors' calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 2000. Notes: a. In the March CPS of any given year, approximately half of the households were surveyed the prior March, while the remaining households are eligible to be surveyed the following March. These estimated correlation coefficients measure the degree to which people's disability status in one year are related to their disability status in the next year. b. The unit of the analysis is the individual not the household. Individuals are assumed to receive an equal share of their household's size-adjusted income. Size-adjusted income is household income by dividing income by the square root of household size. The CPS collect income for the year prior to the survey, the "income year". Income is before taxes but after public cash transfers. Negative sources of income are converted to zero. All dollar amounts are in 1998 dollars. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. d. It is not possible to identify individuals that are in both the March 1985 and March 1986 surveys, therefore estimated correlation coefficients for income years 1984 to 1985 are not available. A conservative proxy is provided - the larger of the values from income years 1983 to 1984 and 1985 to 1986. This problem occurs for income years 1994 to 1995, as well.